1. Water & Carbon Cycles

1.1 The Water Cycle

1.1.1 Systems Approach

1.1.2 The Global Water Cycle

1.1.3 Changes in Magnitude of Water Stores

1.1.4 Drainage Basin System

1.1.5 Hydrographs

1.1.6 Impacts on the Water Cycle

1.2 The Carbon Cycle

1.2.1 Carbon Cycle Stores

1.2.2 Carbon Cycle Transfers

1.2.3 Physical Impacts on the Carbon Cycle

1.2.4 Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle

1.2.5 The Carbon Budget

1.3 Water, Carbon & Life on Earth

1.3.1 Key Role in Supporting Life

1.3.2 Water, Carbon & Climate Change

1.3.3 Mitigating Impacts of Climate Change

1.4 Quantitative & Qualitative Skills

1.4.1 Water & Carbon Skills

2. Hot Desert Systems & Landscapes

2.1 Deserts as Natural Systems

2.1.1 Global Desert Systems

2.1.2 Characteristics

2.1.3 Aridity and Water Balance

2.2 Desert Systems & Processes

2.2.1 Sources of Energy & Sediment

2.2.2 Weathering Processes

2.2.3 Role of Wind in Hot Deserts

2.2.4 Role of Water in Hot Deserts

2.3 Arid Landscape Development

2.3.1 Hot Desert Landforms

2.3.2 Past & Present Desert Landscapes

2.4 Desertification

2.4.1 Distribution of Desertification

2.4.2 Causes of Desertification

2.4.3 Impacts of Desertification

2.5 Quantitative & Qualitative skills

2.5.1 Desert System Skills

3. Coastal Systems & Landscapes

3.1 Coasts as Natural Systems

3.1.1 Coasts as a System

3.2 Coastal Systems & Processes

3.2.1 Coastal Systems

3.2.2 Sub-Aerial Processes

3.2.3 Marine Processes

3.3 Coastal Landscape Development

3.3.1 Landforms of the Coast

3.3.2 Sea Levels Changes

3.4 Coastal Management

3.4.1 Traditional Approaches to Management

3.4.2 Sustainable Integrated Approaches

3.5 Quantitative & Qualitative skills

3.5.1 Coastal Landscape Skills

4. Glacial Systems & Landscapes

4.1 Glaciers as Natural Systems

4.1.1 Glacial Systems

4.2 The Nature & Distribution of Cold Environments

4.2.1 Past Cold Environments

4.2.2 Present Day Distribution

4.2.3 Characteristics of Cold Environments

4.3 Glacial Systems & Processes

4.3.1 Glacial Characteristics

4.3.2 Glacial Processes

4.3.3 Periglacial Features

4.4 Glaciated Landscape Development

4.4.1 Glacial Landscapes

4.4.2 Fluvioglacial Processes & Landforms

4.4.3 Periglacial Landforms

4.5 Human Impacts on Cold Environments

4.5.1 Fragility of Cold Environments

4.5.2 Climate & Cold Environments

4.5.3 Management of Cold Environments

4.6 Quantitative & Qualitative skills

4.6.1 Glaciated Landscape Skills

5. Hazards

5.1 The Concept of Hazards

5.1.1 Hazards in Geographical Context

5.1.2 Human Responses to Hazards

5.1.3 Hazard Models

5.2 Plate Tectonics

5.2.1 Structure of the Earth

5.2.2 Plate Tectonics

5.2.3 Types, Processes and Landforms of Plate Margins

5.2.4 Magma Plumes

5.3 Volcanic Hazards

5.3.1 Vulcanicity and Tectonics

5.3.2 Forms of Volcanic Hazards

5.3.3 Prediction of Hazard Events

5.3.4 Impacts and Responses of Volcanic Activity

5.4 Seismic Hazards

5.4.1 Nature and Causes of Seismic Hazards

5.4.2 Prediction of Seismic Hazards

5.4.3 Impacts of Seismic Hazards

5.4.4 Management of Seismic Hazards

5.5 Storm Hazards

5.5.1 Nature and Causes of Tropical Storms

5.5.2 Prediction of Storm Hazards

5.5.3 Impacts and Responses to Storm Hazards

5.6 Fires in Nature

5.6.1 Nature and Causes of Wildfires

5.6.2 Impacts and Responses to Wildfires

6. Ecosystems Under Stress

6.1 Ecosystems & Sustainability

6.1.1 Biodiversity

6.1.2 Biodiversity & Humans

6.2 Ecosystems & Processes

6.2.1 Nature of Ecosystems

6.2.2 Nutrient Cycling

6.2.3 Terrestrial Ecosystems

6.2.4 Changing Ecosystems

6.3 Biomes

6.3.1 Nature of Biomes

6.3.2 Tropical Rainforest Biome

6.3.3 Human Activity & Rainforests

6.3.4 Savanna Grassland Biome

6.3.5 Human Activity & Savanna Grasslands

6.4 Ecosystems in the British Isles

6.4.1 Vegetation Succession in the UK

6.4.2 Climatic Climax in the UK

6.4.3 Human Activity & Succession

6.5 Marine Ecosystems

6.5.1 Coral Reef Ecosystems

6.5.2 Threats to Coral Reef Ecosystems

6.6 Local Ecosystems

6.6.1 Urban Wasteland Ecosystems

6.6.2 Factors Affecting Development

6.6.3 Issues & Management of Change

7. Global Systems & Governance

7.1 Globalisation

7.1.1 Dimensions of Globalisation

7.1.2 Factors in Globalisation

7.2 Global Systems

7.2.1 Interdependence

7.2.2 Unequal Flows

7.3 International Trade & Access to Markets

7.3.1 International Trade

7.3.2 Trading Relationships

7.3.3 Trade Agreements & Access to Markets

7.3.4 Transnational Corporations

7.3.5 World Trade

7.3.6 Global Food Systems

7.4 Global Governance

7.4.1 Introduction to Global Governance

7.4.2 Issues of Global Governance

7.5 The Global Commons

7.5.1 Concept of the Global Commons

7.6 Antarctica as a Global Common

7.6.1 Geography of Antarctica

7.6.2 Threats to Antarctica

7.6.3 Global Governance of Antarctica

7.7 Globalisation Critique

7.7.1 Globalisation: The Debate

8. Changing Places

8.1 The Nature & Importance of Places

8.1.1 Concept of Place

8.1.2 Perspectives on Place

8.1.3 Categories of Place

8.1.4 Character of Place

8.2 Relationships & Connections

8.2.1 Dynamics of Change

8.3 Meaning & Representation

8.3.1 Management & Manipulation of Place

8.3.2 Analysing Different Representations

8.4 Quantitative & Qualitative skills

8.4.1 Using Geospatial Data

9. Contemporary Urban Environments

9.1 Urbanisation

9.1.1 Global Patterns of Urbanisation

9.1.2 Megacities

9.1.3 Processes of Urbanisation

9.2 Urban Forms

9.2.1 Urban Form & Characteristics

9.2.2 Urban Landscape

9.2.3 The Post-Modern City

9.3 Urban Social & Economic Issues

9.3.1 Urbanisation & Inequalities

9.3.2 Managing Cultural Diversity

9.4 Urban Climate

9.4.1 Urban Microclimates

9.4.2 Urban Climates

9.4.3 Managing Pollution

9.5 Urban Drainage

9.5.1 Urban Precipitation

9.5.2 Drainage Management

9.5.3 River Restoration

9.6 Urban Waste & Disposal

9.6.1 Urban Waste Generation

9.6.2 Alternative Approaches to Waste

9.7 Other Contemporary Urban Issues

9.7.1 Contrasting Environmental Issues

9.7.2 Managing the Issues

9.8 Sustainable Urban Development

9.8.1 Environmental Impact

9.8.2 Dimensions of Sustainability

9.8.3 Sustainable Cities

10. Population & the Environment

10.1 Population & the Environment

10.1.1 Introduction

10.1.2 Food Production & Consumption

10.1.3 Climate & Climate Change

10.1.4 Soils & Human Activity

10.1.5 Food Security

10.2 Environment, Health & Well-Being

10.2.1 Global Health

10.2.2 Place and Well-Being

10.2.3 Biological Disease

10.2.4 Non-Communicable Disease

10.3 Population Change

10.3.1 Population Change

10.3.2 Models of Population Change

10.3.3 International Migration

10.4 Population Ecology

10.4.1 Population Growth Dynamics

10.4.2 Predicting Population Growth

10.5 Global Population Futures

10.5.1 Health & Environmental Change

10.5.2 Future Prospects

11. Resource Security

11.1 Resource Development

11.1.1 Resources

11.1.2 Sustainable Resources

11.2 Natural Resource Issues

11.2.1 Global Patterns of Energy & Ore

11.2.2 Global Patterns of Water

11.2.3 Geopolitics of Resources

11.3 Water Security

11.3.1 Water Security

11.3.2 Water and Physical Geography

11.3.3 Increasing Water Supply

11.3.4 Managing Water Security

11.3.5 Water Wars

11.4 Energy Security

11.4.1 Energy Source & Mixes

11.4.2 Geography of Supply

11.4.3 Increasing & Managing Energy Supplies

11.4.3 Issues of Energy Sustainability

11.5 Mineral Security

11.5.1 Ore Mineral Security

11.5.2 Extracting Ore

11.6 Resource Futures

11.6.1 Resource Futures