1. Chemistry of Life

1.1 Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Structure & Properties of Water

Hydrogen Bonding in Water

1.2 Elements of Life

Chemical Elements Required for Life

Exchange of Carbon & Nitrogen to Build Biological Molecules

1.3 Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Monomers & Polymers as Biological Molecules

1.4 Properties of Biological Macromolecules

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Complex Carbohydrates

Lipids

Phospholipids

1.5 Structure & Function of Biological Macromolecules

How Subcomponents are Arranged in Biological Molecules

1.6 Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acid Structure: DNA & RNA

2. Cell Structure & Function

2.1 Cell Structure: Subcellular Components

Cellular Organelles 1

Cellular Organelles 2

Cellular Organelles 3

2.2 Cell Structure & Function

Structural Features of a Cell for Metabolism

2.3 Cell Size

How Cell Size Affects Exchange of Materials

Maximizing Surface Area-to-Volume Ratios

Specialized Exchange Strategies

2.4 Plasma Membranes

Plasma Membrane Structure

2.5 Membrane Permeability

Selective Permeability of Plasma Membranes

2.6 Membrane Transport

Passive Transport

Active Transport

2.7 Facilitated Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

2.8 Tonicity & Osmoregulation

Tonicity

Osmoregulation

2.9 Mechanisms of Transport

Mechanisms of Transport

2.10 Cell Compartmentalization

Membrane-Bound Organelles

2.11 Origins of Cell Compartmentalization

Differences Between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

Endosymbiosis

3. Cellular Energetics

3.1 Enzyme Structure

Enzyme Structure

3.2 Enzyme Catalysis

Lowering of Activation Energy

3.3 Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function

Factors that Affect Enzyme Action

Enzyme Inhibition

3.4 Cellular Energy

Energy in the Cell

3.5 Photosynthesis

Overview of Photosynthesis

The Role of Chlorophyll in Harnessing Light Energy

The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis

3.6 Cellular Respiration

Overview of Respiration

ATP as the Product of Respiration

Glycolysis

Oxidation of Pyruvate

Krebs Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Fermentation

3.7 Fitness

Fitness of Biological Molecules

4. Cell Communication & Cell Cycle

4.1 Cell Communication

How Cells Communicate With Each Other

4.2 Introduction to Signal Transduction

Signal Transduction Pathways

4.3 Signal Transduction

Signal Transduction

4.4 Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways

Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways

4.5 Feedback

The Role of Feedback Mechanisms

4.6 Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes

4.7 Regulation of Cell Cycle

Regulation of the Cell Cycle

5. Heredity

5.1 Meiosis

The Stages of Meiosis

Meiosis & Mitosis Compared

5.2 Meiosis & Genetic Diversity

Meiosis Increases Genetic Diversity

5.3 Mendelian Genetics

DNA & RNA Carry Genetic Information

Mendel's Laws

5.4 Non-Mendelian Genetics

Deviations from Mendel's Inheritance Model

5.5 Environmental Effects on Phenotype

Phenotypic Plasticity

5.6 Chromosomal Inheritance

Chromosomal Variation in Sexual Reproduction

6. Gene Expression & Regulation

6.1 DNA & RNA Structure

Forms of Nucleic Acids

6.2 Replication

Replication of DNA

6.3 Transcription & RNA Processing

From DNA to mRNA

6.4 Translation

From mRNA to Protein

6.5 Regulation of Gene Expression

How Some Molecules Affect Gene Expression

6.6 Gene Expression & Cell Specialization

Promoters & Suppressors

6.7 Mutations

Causes of Mutation

Effects of Mutations

Mutations & Natural Selection

6.8 Biotechnology

Genetic Engineering Techniques

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Bacterial Transformation

DNA Sequencing

7. Natural Selection

7.1 Introduction to Natural Selection

The Theory of Natural Selection

Natural Selection & Populations

7.2 Natural Selection

Phenotypic Variation & Selection

7.3 Artificial Selection

How Humans Affect Diversity of Other Species

7.4 Population Genetics

Random Occurrences & Genetic Diversity

7.5 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Conditions Required for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

The Hardy-Weinberg Equation

7.6 Evidence of Evolution

Data That Supports Evolution

Evidence for Change in Organisms Over Time

7.7 Common Ancestry

Evidence for Common Ancestry

7.8 Continuing Evolution

Evolution is an Ever-Continuing Process

7.9 Phylogeny

Phylogenetic Trees & Cladograms

7.10 Speciation

Types of Speciation

Speciation & Diversity

7.11 Extinction

The Importance of Extinction

7.12 Variation in Populations

Implications of Allele Variations Within a Population

7.13 Origin of Life on Earth

How Life Started on Earth - Theories

8. Ecology

8.1 Responses to the Environment

Organisms Respond to Environmental Cues

8.2 Energy Flow Through Ecosystems

Strategies to Optimize Energy Use

Body Size & Metabolic Rate

Food Chains & Food Webs

Trophic Pyramids & Diagrams

8.3 Population Ecology

Factors That Influence Population Growth

8.4 Effect of Density of Populations

Resources & Population Density

8.5 Community Ecology

Interactions Between Populations

8.6 Biodiversity

Ecosystem Resilience Through Biodiversity

Maintaining Balance Within an Ecosystem

8.7 Disruptions to Ecosystems

Adaptation & Mutation

Human Activities Affect Ecosystems

Geological & Meteorological Activity