1. Molecules, Transport & Health

Biological Molecules

1.1 The Importance of Water

1.2 Saccharides

1.3 Core Practical 1: Estimating the Concentration of Sugars & Starch

1.4 Condensation & Hydrolysis

1.5 Triglycerides & Ester Bonds

The Circulatory System

1.6 The Need for a Circulatory System

1.7 Blood Vessels: Structure & Function

1.8 The Cardiac Cycle

1.9 The Role of Haemoglobin

1.10 Atherosclerosis

1.11 Blood Clotting

Diet & Health

1.12 Reducing Risk Factors of CVD

1.13 Dietary Antioxidants & CVD

1.14 Core Practical 2: Investigate the Vitamin C Content of Food & Drink

1.15 Interpreting Data on Risk Factors

1.16 Designing Studies into the Effects of Risk Factors

1.17 Perception of Risk vs Actual Risk

1.18 Data on Cholesterol & Lipoproteins

1.19 Data on Effect of Diet

1.20 Treatments for CVD: Benefits & Risks

2. Membranes, Proteins, DNA & Gene Expression

Gas Exchange, Cell Membranes & Transport

2.1 Properties of Gas Exchange Surfaces

2.2 Cell Membranes

2.3 Core Practical 3: Investigating Membrane Structure & Permeability

2.4 Osmosis

2.5 Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion & Active Transport

Proteins

2.6 Amino Acids, Proteins & Protein Structure

2.7 Enzymes: Roles & Modes of Action

2.8 Core Practical 4: Investigating the Rate of Enzyme Reactions

2.9 Nucleotides, DNA & RNA, Base Pairing

DNA & Gene Expression

2.10 DNA Replication

2.11 The Nature of the Genetic Code

2.12 How Bases Code for a Polypeptide Chain

2.13 Transcription & Translation

Inheritance

2.14 Mutations

2.15 Patterns of Inheritance & Sex Linkage

2.16 Cystic Fibrosis

2.17 Genetic Screening

2.18 Ethical & Social Issues of Genetic Screening

3. Cell Structure, Reproduction & Development

Cell Structure & Organisation

3.1 Cell Theory

3.2 Levels of Organisation of Cells

3.3 Eukaryotic Cells

3.4 The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum & Golgi

3.5 Prokaryotic Cells

3.6 Electron Microscopy of Animal Cells

3.7 Microscopy: Magnification & Resolution

3.8 Core Practical 5: Light Microscopy

Reproduction & Inheritance

3.9 Gene Locus

3.10 Meiosis & Variation

3.11 Mammalian Gametes

3.12 Fertilisation: Mammals

3.13 Fertilisation: Flowering Plants

3.14 The Cell Cycle & Mitosis

3.15 Core Practical 6: Observing the Stages of Mitosis

3.16 Calculation of Mitotic Index

3.17 Stem Cells & Cell Potency

3.18 Cell Specialisation

3.19 Post-Transcriptional Changes to mRNA

3.20 Gene Interaction & Epigenetics

3.21 Polygenic Inheritance & Continuous Variation

4. Plant Structure & Function, Biodiversity & Conservation

Plant Structure & Function

4.1 Plant Cell Structure

4.2 Electron Microscopy of Plant Cells

4.3 Starch & Cellulose: Structure & Function

4.4 Properties of Cellulose

4.5 The Vascular Structure of Plants

4.6 Core Practical 7: Identifying Tissue Types Within Stems

Plants & Conservation

4.7 Plant-Based Products for Sustainability

4.8 Water & Inorganic Ions in Plants

4.9 Core Practical 8: Determining the Tensile Strength of Plant Fibres

Plants & Bacterial Growth

4.10 Bacterial Growth Conditions

4.11 Plant Products with Antimicrobial Properties

4.12 Core Practical 9: Antimicrobial Properties of Plants

4.13 Development of Drugs & Drug Testing

Classification & Biodiversity

4.14 The Three Domains of Life

4.15 The Variety of Life

4.16 Biodiversity & Endemism

4.17 Species Richness & Heterozygosity Index

4.18 Index of Biodiversity

4.19 Ecological Niches & Adaptations

4.20 Hardy-Weinberg Equation

4.21 Roles of Seed Banks & Zoos in Conservation

5. Energy Flow, Ecosystems & the Environment

Photosynthesis

5.1 Photosynthesis: Overview

5.2 The Role of ATP in Photosynthesis

5.3 Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent Stage

5.4 Photosynthesis: Light-Independent Stage

5.5 Chloroplasts

5.6 Absorption & Action Spectra

5.7 Separation of Photosynthetic Pigments with Chromatography

5.8 Core Practical 10: Rate of Photosynthesis

Ecosystems

5.9 Ecological Productivity

5.10 Energy & Biomass Transfers

5.11 Ecology: Key Terms

5.12 Factors Affecting Populations

5.13 Niche

5.14 Core Practical 11: Quadrat & Transect Study

5.15 Ecological Succession

Environmental Biology

5.16 Evidence for Climate Change

5.17 Anthropogenic Climate Change

5.18 Carbon Cycle & Environmental Management

5.19 Models for Predicting Climate Change

5.20 How Climate Change Affects Species

5.21 The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Reactions

5.22 Core Practical 12: Effect of Temperature on Development

5.23 Mutation, Natural Selection & Evolution

5.24 Isolation & Speciation

5.25 Contentious Issues in Environmental Science

5.26 Examples of Sustainable Conservation

6. Microbiology, Immunity & Forensics

Microbiology

6.1 Culturing Microorganisms

6.2 Measuring the Growth of Microorganisms

6.3 The Bacterial Growth Curve

6.4 Core Practical 13: Rate of Growth of Microorganisms

6.5 Comparison of Bacterial & Viral Structure

Immunity

6.6 Tuberculosis & HIV

6.7 Pathogens: Routes of Entry

6.8 Non-Specific Immune Responses

6.9 Specific Immune Responses

6.10 Lymphocytes: Types & Roles

6.11 Developing Immunity

6.12 Pathogens vs Hosts: An Evolutionary Race

Antibiotics

6.13 Antibiotics

6.14 Core Practical 14: The Effects of Different Antibiotics

6.15 Current Usage of Antibiotics

Decomposition & Decay

6.16 The Role of Microorganisms

Forensics

6.17 Polymerase Chain Reaction

6.18 Gel Electrophoresis in Forensics

6.19 DNA Profiling

6.20 Types of Data Provided by Forensic Analysis

7. Respiration, Muscles & the Internal Environment

Respiration

7.1 Overview of Respiration

7.2 Glycolysis

7.3 Link Reaction & Krebs Cycle

7.4 The Electron Transport Chain

7.5 Anaerobic Respiration

7.6 Respiratory Quotient

7.7 Core Practical 15: Investigation of Respiration in Yeast

7.8 Core Practical 16: Respirometer to Calculate RQ

Muscular Movement

7.9 The Musculoskeletal System

7.10 The Muscle Fibre

7.11 The Process of Skeletal Muscle Contraction

7.12 The Role of Muscle in the Cardiac Cycle

7.13 Calculation of Cardiac Output

7.14 The Role of Adrenaline

7.15 Core Practical 17: The Effects of Exercise

The Internal Environment

7.16 Negative & Positive Feedback

7.17 Homeostasis

7.18 The Kidney: Structure

7.19 Urea as a Waste Product

7.20 Selective Reabsorption in the Kidney

7.21 Hormones in Osmoregulation

7.22 Control of Gene Expression

8. Coordination, Response & Gene Technology

The Nervous System

8.1 Neurones: Types and Functions

8.2 How a Response is Generated by Effectors

8.3 The Reflex Arc

8.4 The Nerve Impulse

8.5 Myelination & Saltatory Conduction

8.6 Synapses & Neurotransmitters

8.7 The Effects of Drugs on Nervous Transmission

8.8 Detection of Stimuli

8.9 Habituation

8.10 Central & Peripheral Nervous System

Plant Hormones

8.11 Effects of Plant Hormones

8.12 Core Practical 18: Amylase in Germinating Cereal Grains

8.13 Nervous & Hormonal Coordination

The Brain

8.14 Human Brain Structures & Functions

8.15 Techniques to Investigate the Brain

8.16 Brain Disease

Gene Technology

8.17 Drug Production from Genetically Modified Organisms

8.18 Recombinant DNA

8.19 Transfer of Recombinant DNA into Other Cells

8.20 Identification of Active Genes

8.21 Bioinformatics

8.22 Risks & Benefits of Using GMOs