1. Social Influence

1.1 Conformity

1.1.1 Types of Conformity

1.1.2 Explanations for Conformity

1.1.3 Asch & Variables for Conformity

1.1.4 Conformity to Social Roles: Zimbardo

1.2 Obedience

1.2.1 Explanations for Obedience

1.2.2 Milgram & Situational Variables Affecting Obedience

1.2.3 Authoritarian Personality

1.3 Explanation of Resistance to Social Influence

1.3.1 Social Support & Loci of Control

1.4 Minority Influence

1.4.1 Minority Influence Including Commitment, Consistency

1.4.2 Role of Social Influence Processes in Social Change

2. Memory

2.1 The Multi-Store Model of Memory

2.1.1 Sensory Memory

2.1.2 Short Term Memory

2.1.3 Long Term Memory

2.1.4 Multi-Store Model of Memory

2.2 Working Memory Model

2.2.1 Working Memory Model

2.3 Forgetting

2.3.1 Interference: Retro & Pro-active

2.3.2 Retrieval Failure: Cue & State Dependent

2.4 Eye Witness Testimony

2.4.1 Eye Witness Testimony & Leading Questions

2.4.2 Eye Witness Testimony & Anxiety of the Witness

2.4.3 Cognitive Interview

3. Attachment

3.1 Caregiver: Infant Interactions in Humans

3.1.1 Caregiver: Infant Interactions in Humans

3.1.2 Reciprocity & Interactional Syncrony

3.1.3 Stages of Attachement Identified by Schaffer

3.1.4 Multiple Attachments & The Role of The Father

3.2 Animal Studies in Attachment

3.2.1 Animal Studies in Attachment

3.2.2 Lorenz & Harlow

3.3 Explanations of Attachment

3.3.1 Explanations of Attachment

3.3.2 Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory

3.3.3 The Concepts of a Critical Period and an Internal Working Model

3.4 Types of Attachment

3.4.1 Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’

3.4.2 Types of Attachment: Secure, Insecure-avoidant and Insecure-resistant

3.4.3 Cultural Variations in Attachment, including Van ljzendoorn

3.5 Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation

3.5.1 Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation

3.5.2 Romanian Orphan Studies: Effects of Institutionalisation

3.6 Early Attachments & Later Relationships

3.6.1 The Influence of Early Attachment on Childhood & Adult Relationships

4. Psychopathology

4.1 Definitions of Abnormality

4.1.1 Definitions of Abnormality: Deviation From Social Norms

4.1.2 Definitions of Abnormality: Failure to Function Adequately

4.1.3 Definitions of Abnormality: Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

4.1.4 Definitions of Abnormality: Statistical Infrequency

4.2 Phobias

4.2.1 Characteristics of Phobias

4.2.2 Behavioural Explanations of Phobias

4.2.3 Behavioural Treatments of Phobias

4.3 Depression

4.3.1 Characteristics of Depression

4.3.2 Cognitive Explanations of Depression

4.3.3 Cognitive Treatments of Depression

4.4 OCD

4.4.1. Characteristics of OCD

4.4.2 Biological Explanations of OCD

4.4.3 Biological Treatments of OCD

5. Approaches in Psychology

5.1 Learning Approaches

5.1.1 The Behaviourist Approach

5.1.2 Classical & Operant Conditioning

5.1.3 Types of Reinforcement & Skinner’s Research

5.1.4 Social Learning Theory

5.1.5 Bandura’s Research

5.2 The Cognitive Approach

5.2.1 The Study of Internal Mental Processes

5.2.2 The Role of Schema

5.2.3 The Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience

5.3 The Biological Approach

5.3.1 The Influence of Genes

5.3.2 Biological Structures & Neurochemistry

5.3.3 Genotype & Phenotype

5.3.4 Evolution

5.4 The Psychodynamic Approach (A Level only)

5.4.1 The Role of The Unconscious

5.4.2 The Structure of Personality

5.4.3 Defence Mechanisms

5.4.4 Psychosexual Stages

5.5 Humanistic Psychology (A Level only)

5.5.1 Free Will

5.5.2 Self-actualisation & Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

5.5.3 The Influence on Counselling Psychology

6. Biopsychology

6.1 The Nervous System

6.1.1 The Nervous System - Central and Peripheral

6.1.2 The Structure & Function of Sensory, Relay & Motor Neurons

6.1.3 The Process of Synaptic Transmission

6.2 The Function of the Endocrine System

6.2.1 The Function of the Endocrine System

6.2.2 Glands and Hormones

6.2.3 The Fight or Flight Response

6.3 The Brain (A Level Only)

6.3.1 Localisation of Function in the Brain & Hemispheric Lateralisation

6.3.2 Plasticity & Functional Recovery of the Brain After Trauma

6.3.3 Ways of Studying the Brain

6.4 Biological Rhythms

6.4.1 Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian Rhythms

6.4.2 The Effect of Endogenous Pacemakers & Exogenous Zeitgebers

7. Research Methods

7.1 Research Methods

7.1.1 Experimental Method

7.1.2 Observational Techniques

7.1.3 Self-report Techniques

7.1.4 Correlations

7.1.5 Content Analysis

7.1.6 Case Studies

7.2 Scientific Processes

7.2.1 Aims

7.2.2 Hypothesis

7.2.3 Sampling

7.2.4 Pilot Studies

7.2.5 Experimental design

7.2.6 Observational Design

7.2.7 Questionnaire Construction

7.2.8 Variables

7.2.9 Controls

7.2.10 Demand Characteristics

7.2.11 Ethics

7.2.12 Peer Review

7.2.13 Research & The Economy

7.2.14 Reliability & Validity

7.3 Features of Science

7.3.1 Objectivity & The Empirical Method; Replicability and Falsifiability

7.3.2 Theory Construction & Hypothesis Testing; Paradigms & Paradigm Shift

7.3.3 Reporting Psychological Investigations

7.3.4 Sections of a Scientific Report

7.3.5 Data Handling

7.4 Statistics: Inferential & Descriptive

7.4.1 The Sign Test

7.4.2 Probability & Significance

7.4.3 Factors Affecting the Choice of Statistical Test

8. Issues and Debates: A level only

8.1 Gender & Culture in Psychology

8.1.1 Gender Bias & Culture Bias

8.2 Free Will & Determinism

8.2.1 Types of Determinism

8.2.2 Free Will

8.3 The Nature-Nurture Debate

8.3.1 The Relative Importance of Heredity and Environment

8.3.2 The Interactionist Approach

8.4 Holism & Reductionism

8.4.1 Levels of Explanation in Psychology

8.4.2 Biological Reductionism and Environmental Reductionism

8.5 Idiographic & Nomothetic Approaches

8.5 Idiographic & Nomothetic Approaches

8.6 Ethical Implications of Research

8.6 Ethical Implications of Research

9. Relationships: A Level only

9.1 Evolutionary Explanations for Partner Preferences

9.1.1 Sexual Selection

9.2 Factors Affecting Attraction in Romantic Relationships

9.2.1 Self-disclosure

9.2.2 Physical Attractiveness

9.2.3 Filter Theory

9.3 Theories of Romantic Relationships

9.3.1 Social Exchange Theory

9.3.2 Equity theory of Relationships

9.3.3 Rusbult's Investment Model

9.3.4 Duck's Phase Model of Relationship Breakdown

9.4 Virtual Relationships in Social Media

9.4.1 Explaining Virtual Relationships

9.5 Parasocial Relationships

9.5.1 Explaining Parasocial Relationships

10. Gender: A Level only

10.1 Sex, Gender & Sex-role Stereotypes

Differences between Sex & Gender

Androgyny

10.2 The Role of Chromosomes & Hormones

The Role of Chromosomes & Hormones

Atypical Sex Chromosome Patterns

10.3 Approaches & Gender Development

Kohlberg's Theory of Gender Development

Gender Schema Theory

The Psychodynamic Explanation of Gender

Social Learning Theory & Gender Development

The Influence of Culture & Media on Gender Development

10.4 Atypical Gender Development

Gender Identity Disorder

11. Cognition & Development: A Level only

11.1 Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

11.1.1 Piaget's Theory

11.1.2 Piaget's Stages of Intellectual Development

11.2 Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development

11.2.1 Vygotsky's Theory

11.3 Baillargeon's Explanation of Infant Abilities

11.3.1 Baillargeon's Theory

11.4 Social Cognition

11.4.1 Selman's Theory

11.4.2 Theory of Mind

11.4.3 Mirror Neurons

12. Schizophrenia: A Level only

12.1 Classification & Diagnosis of Schizophrenia

Positive & Negative Symptoms: Diagnosis & Classification of Schizophrenia

Issues in the diagnosis & classification of schizophrenia

12.2 Explanations of Schizophrenia

The Genetic Basis of Schizophrenia

Neural Correlates of Schizophrenia

12.3 Treatments for Schizophrenia

Drug Therapies

Family Dysfunction

Cognitive Explanations

Psychological Therapies

12.4 Management of Schizophrenia

Token Economies

The Interactionist Approach

Treatment using the lnteractionist Approach

13. Eating Behaviour: A Level only

13.1 Explanations for Food Preferences

13.1.1 Evolutionary Explanations for Food Preferences

13.1.2 Learning Theory Explanations for Food Preferences

13.2 Neural & Hormonal Mechanisms in the Control of Eating Behaviour

13.2.1 The Role of Neural & Hormonal Mechanisms in Eating Behaviour

13.3 Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa

13.3.1 Biological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa

13.3.2 Psychological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa: Family Systems Theory

13.3.3 Psychological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa: Social Learning theory

13.3.4 Psychological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa: Cognitive Theory

13.4 Explanations for Obesity

13.4.1 Biological Explanations for Obesity

13.4.2 Psychological Explanations for Obesity

13.4.3 Explanations for the Success & Failure of Dieting

14. Stress: A Level only

14.1 The Physiology of Stress

The Physiological Response to Stress

The Role of Stress in Illness

14.2 Sources of Stress

Life Changes

14.3 Measuring Stress

How is Stress Measured?

14.4 Individual Differences in Stress

Personality Types

14.5 Managing & Coping with Stress

Drug Therapy

Non-drug Therapies

Gender Differences in Coping with Stress

The Role of Social Support in Coping with Stress

15. Aggression A Level only

15.1 Neural & Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression

Neural & Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression

Genetic Factors in Aggression

15.2 The Ethological Explanation of Aggression

The Ethological Explanation of Aggression

Evolutionary Explanations of Human Aggression

15.3 Social Psychological Explanations of Human Aggression

The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Social Learning Theory of Aggression

De-Individuation & Aggression

15.4 Instutitional Aggression in the Context of Prisons

Dispositional & Situational Explanations of Aggression in Prisons

15.5 Media Influences on Aggression

The Effects of Computer Games on Aggression

Desensitisation, Disinhibition & Cognitive Priming in Aggression

16. Forensic Psychology: A Level only

16.1 Offender Profiling

16.1.1 The Top-Down Approach to Offender Profiling

16.1.2 The Bottom-Up Approach to Offender Profiling

16.2 Biological Explanations of Offending Behaviour

16.2.1 Atavistic Form

16.2.2 Genetic & Neural explanations of Offending Behaviour

16.3 Psychological Explanations of Offending Behaviour

16.3.1 Eysenck's Theory of criminal personality

16.3.2 Kohlberg's Theory

16.3.3 Cognitive distortions

16.3.4 Differential Association Theory

16.3.5 Psychodynamic Explanations

16.4 Dealing with Offending Behaviour

16.4.1 Custodial Sentencing

16.4.2 Behaviour Modification in Custody

16.4.3 Anger Management

16.4.4 Restorative Justice

17. Addiction: A Level only

17.1 Describing Addiction

17.1.1 What is Addiction?

17.2 Risk Factors in the Development of Addiction

17.2.1 Biological Risk Factors

17.2.2 Psychological & Social Risk Factors

17.3 Explanations for Nicotine Addiction

17.3.1 Nicotine Addiction & Brain Neurochemistr

17.3.2 The Learning Theory of Nicotine Addiction

17.4 Explanations for Gambling Addiction

17.4.1 The Learning Theory of Gambling Addiction

17.4.2 The Cognitive Theory of Gambling Addiction

17.5 Reducing Addiction

17.5.1 The Use of Drug Therapy for Addiction

17.5.2 Behavioural Intervention Therapies

17.6 Applying Models of Behaviour Change

17.6.1 The Theory of Planned Behaviour

17.6.2 Proschaska's Model of Behaviour Change