1. Lifestyle, Health and Risk

1.1 The Circulatory System

1.1.1 The Need for a Circulatory System

1.1.2 The Importance of Water in Transport

1.1.3 Mammalian Heart: Structure & Function

1.1.4 Blood Vessels: Structure & Function

1.1.5 Cardiac Cycle

1.1.6 Investigating Heart Rate

1.1.7 Atherosclerosis

1.1.8 Blood Clotting

1.2 Diet & Health

1.2.1 Cardiovascular Disease

1.2.2 Interpreting Data on Risk Factors

1.2.3 Treatment of CVD

1.2.4 Energy Budgets & Diet

1.2.5 Monosaccharides

1.2.6 The Glycosidic Bond

1.2.7 Disaccharides

1.2.8 Polysaccharides

1.2.9 Lipids & Ester Bonds

1.2.10 Reducing Risk Factors of CVD

1.2.11 Practical: Vitamin C Content

2. Genes and Health

2.1 Gas Exchange, Cell Membranes & Transport

2.1.1 Properties of Gas Exchange Surfaces

2.1.2 Fick's Law of Diffusion

2.1.3 The Mammalian Lung

2.1.4 Cell Membranes

2.1.5 Practical: Investigating Membrane Structure & Permeability

2.1.6 Diffusion & Facilitated Diffusion

2.1.7 Active Transport

2.1.8 Osmosis

2.2 Nucleic Acids

2.2.1 Nucleotides & Phosphodiester Bonds

2.2.2 DNA: Structure

2.2.3 RNA: Structure

2.3 Proteins

2.3.1 Transcription

2.3.2 Translation

2.3.3 Nature of the Genetic Code

2.3.4 Amino Acids & Peptide Bonds

2.3.5 Levels of Protein Structure

2.3.6 Globular Proteins: Structure & Function

2.3.7 Fibrous Proteins: Structure & Function

2.3.8 The Role of Enzymes

2.3.9 Mode of Enzyme Action

2.3.10 Practical: Investigating the Effect Enzyme and Substrate Concentrations

2.4 Inheritance

2.4.1 DNA Replication

2.4.2 Mutations

2.4.3 Inheritance: Key Terms

2.4.4 Pedigree Diagrams

2.4.5 Monohybrid Crosses

2.4.6 Chi-squared Test

2.4.7 Genetic Screening

3. Voice of the Genome

3.1 Cell Structure & Organisation

3.1.1 Cell Theory

3.1.2 Eukaryotic Cells

3.1.3 Prokaryotic Cells

3.1.4 Organisation of Cells

3.1.5 Microscopy

3.1.6 Magnification Calculations

3.1.7 Recognising Organelles

3.2 Cell Division

3.2.1 The Cell Cycle

3.2.2 Mitosis

3.2.3 Practical: Identifying Mitosis in Plant Cells

3.3 Reproduction & Inheritance

3.3.1 Mammalian Gametes

3.3.2 Fertilisation in Mammals

3.3.3 Genes & Linkage

3.3.4 Meiosis: Source of Genetic Variation

3.4 Differentiation & Variation

3.4.1 Stem Cells

3.4.2 Stem Cells in Medicine

3.4.3 Cell Differentiation

3.4.4 Epigenetics

3.4.5 Phenotypes & Variation

4. Biodiversity and Natural Resources

4.1 Biodiversity

4.1.1 The Variety of Life

4.1.2 Measuring Biodiversity Within a Habitat

4.1.3 Comparing Biodiversity Between Habitats

4.1.4 Ecological Niches & Adaptations

4.1.5 Natural Selection

4.1.6 Hardy-Weinberg Equation

4.1.7 Reproductive Isolation

4.1.8 Classification

4.1.9 Conservation of Biodiversity

4.2 Resources from Plants

4.2.1 Plant Cell Structure

4.2.2 Plant Stems

4.2.3 Importance of Water & Inorganic Ions to Plants

4.2.4 Starch & Cellulose: Structure & Function

4.2.5 Plant Fibres

4.2.6 Practical: Identifying Tissue Types Within Stems

4.2.7 Practical: Determining the Tensile Strength of Plant Fibres

4.2.8 Development of Drug Testing

4.2.9 Antimicrobial Properties of Plants

4.2.10 Sustainability & Plant Materials

5. On the Wild Side

5.1 Ecosystems & Energy Transfer

5.1.1 Ecosystems: Key Terms

5.1.2 Biotic & Abiotic Factors

5.1.3 Niches: Distribution & Abundance

5.1.4 Practical: Determining Distribution & Abundance

5.1.5 Stages of Succession

5.1.6 Net Primary Productivity

5.1.7 Calculating the Efficiency of Biomass & Energy Transfers

5.2 Photosynthesis

5.2.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview

5.2.2 ATP as a Supply of Energy

5.2.3 Chloroplasts: Structure & Function

5.2.4 Light-dependent Reactions

5.2.5 Light-independent Reactions

5.2.6 Products of Photosynthesis

5.2.7 Practical: The Hill Reaction

5.3 Climate Change

5.3.1 Introduction to Climate Change

5.3.2 Evidence for the Causes of Climate Change

5.3.3 The Greenhouse Effect

5.3.4 Models of Future Climate Change

5.3.5 The Effects of Climate Change

5.3.6 Temperature & Enzyme Activity

5.3.7 Practical: Temperature & Development of Organisms

5.3.8 Climate Change & the Scientific Community

5.3.9 Carbon Cycle & Reduction of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

5.3.10 Reducing Climate Change

5.4 Evolution

5.4.1 Evolution by Natural Selection

5.4.2 Speciation

5.4.3 Evidence of Evolution & the Scientific Community

6. Immunity, Infection and Forensics

6.1 Forensics

6.1.1 Determining the Time of Death

6.1.2 Micro-organisms: Decomposition & Nutrient Recycling

6.1.3 DNA Profiling

6.2 Microorganisms & Immunity

6.2.1 Structure of Bacteria & Viruses

6.2.2 Entry Routes of Pathogens

6.2.3 Non-specific Immune Responses

6.2.4 Antigens & Antibodies

6.2.5 T Cell Response

6.2.6 B Cell Response

6.2.7 Post-transcriptional Modification

6.2.8 Types of Immunity

6.2.9 Evolutionary Race Between Pathogens & Host

6.2.10 Types of Antibiotics

6.2.11 Limiting Antibiotic Resistance

7. Run for your Life

7.1 Muscles & Movement

7.1.1 Movement of the Skeleton

7.1.2 Muscle Fibres

7.1.3 Muscle Contraction

7.2 Respiration

7.2.1 Respiration: An Overview

7.2.2 Stages of Respiration

7.2.3 Glycolysis

7.2.4 Link Reaction & Krebs Cycle

7.2.5 Oxidative Phosphorylation

7.2.6 Practical: Investigating the Rate of Respiration

7.2.7 Anaerobic Respiration

7.3 Homeostasis

7.3.1 Homeostasis: An Overview

7.3.2 Electrical Activity in the Heart

7.3.3 ECGs & Diagnosing CVD

7.3.4 Calculating Cardiac Output

7.4 Exercise

7.4.1 Variations in Breathing Rate & Heart Rate

7.4.2 Practical: Investigating the Effects of Exercise

7.4.3 Intensity of Exercise

7.4.4 Modern Medicine & Participation in Sports

8. Grey Matter

8.1 Response to the Environment

8.1.1 Co-ordination of Response

8.1.2 Neurones: Structure & Function

8.1.3 Nervous System: Response to a Stimulus

8.1.4 Transmission of Nerve Impulses

8.1.5 Synapses: Structure & Function

8.1.6 Detection of Light

8.1.7 The Effects of IAA

8.1.8 Phytochrome

8.2 The Brain, Behaviour & Disease

8.2.1 Brain: Structure & Function

8.2.2 Studying the Brain

8.2.3 Development of the Visual Cortex

8.2.4 The Role of Animal Models in Research

8.2.5 Habituation

8.2.6 Imbalances in Brain Chemicals Leading to Diseases

8.2.7 Action of Drugs on Synapses

8.2.8 Personalised Medicine

8.2.9 Producing Drugs Using GMOs

8.2.10 Nature vs Nurture in Brain Development