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O Level
Biology
Cambridge
Revision Notes
Cambridge O Level Biology Revision Notes
Concise resources for the Cambridge O Level Biology course.
1. Cells
1.1 Cell Structure & Function
Animal & Plant Cells
Animal & Plant Cells Under the Microscope
Bacterial Cells
1.2 Specialised Cells, Tissues & Organs
Organisation of Cells
Magnification Formula
2. Classification
2.1 Concept & Use of a Classification System
Classifying Organisms
2.2 Features of Organisms
The Five Kingdoms
Viruses
3. Movement into & out of Cells
3.1 Diffusion & Osmosis
Diffusion
Factors that Influence Diffusion
Water
Osmosis
Osmosis Experiments
Osmosis in Animals & Plants
3.2 Active Transport
Active Transport
Importance of Active Transport
4. Biological Molecules
4.1 Biological Molecules
Chemicals & Life
Food Tests
5. Enzymes
5.1 Enzyme Action
Enzymes
Enzyme Action & Specificity
5.2 Effects of Temperature & pH
Enzyme Investigations
Enzymes: Temperature & pH
6. Plant Nutrition
6.1 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Use & Storage of Carbohydrates
Investigating the Need for Chlorophyll, Light & Carbon Dioxide
Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
Investigating the Rate of Photosynthesis
Limiting Factors
6.2 Leaf Structure
Leaf Structure
Identifying Leaf Structures in a Dicotyledonous Plant
6.3 Mineral Nutrition
Minerals in Plants
7. Transport in Flowering Plants
7.1 Uptake & Transport of Water and Ions
Root Hair Cells
Pathway Taken by Water
7.2 Transpiration & Translocation
Transpiration
Investigating Temperature & Wind Speed
Transpiration Stream
Explaining the Effects of Temperature, Wind Speed, Humidity & Light Intensity
Translocation
Xylem & Phloem
8. Human Nutrition
8.1 Diet
Diet & Deficiencies
8.2 Human Digestive System
Organs of the Digestive System
Physical Digestion
Teeth & Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Enzymes in Digestion
Hydrochloric Acid
Emulsification of Fats & Oils
Peristalsis
8.3 Absorption & Assimilation
Absorption
Adaptations of the Small Intestine
9. Human Gas Exchange
9.1 Human Gas Exchange
Features of Gas Exchange Surfaces
The Breathing System
Investigating the Differences in Inspired & Expired Air
Investigating the Effects of Physical Activity on Breathing
Identifying Intercostal Muscles
Volume & Pressure Changes in the Lungs
Protecting the Breathing System
10. Respiration
10.1 Respiration
Respiration in Cells
10.2 Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
10.3 Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
11. Transport in Humans
11.1 Circulatory System
Circulatory System
11.2 The Heart
The Mammalian Heart
Functioning of the Heart
Monitoring Activity of the Heart
Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate
Coronary Heart Disease
11.3 Blood Vessels
Blood Vessels
Circulation Around the Body
Structure & Function of Blood Vessels
11.4 Blood
Components of Blood
Tissue Fluid
12. Disease & Immunity
12.1 Disease
Pathogens & Barriers
Vectors of Disease
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Cholera
Controlling the Spread of Disease
Excessive Alcohol Consumption
Effects of Tobacco Smoke
12.2 Antibiotics
Antibiotics
12.3 Immunity
Active Immunity
Antigens & Antibodies
Vaccination
Preventing the Spread of Disease
Passive Immunity & Breastfeeding
HIV & the Immune System
13. Excretion in Humans
13.1 Excretion
Excretion of Carbon Dioxide & Urea
13.2 Urinary System
The Kidney
The Role of the Liver in Excretion
14. Coordination & Control
14.1 Mammalian Nervous System
Mammalian Nervous System
Types of Neurones
The Reflex Arc
The Synapse
14.2 Mammalian Sense Organs
Sense Organs
The Eye
14.3 Mammalian Hormones
Hormones in Humans
The Hormone Adrenaline
14.4 Homeostasis
Homeostasis
14.5 Temperature Control
Homeostasis: Temperature Control
14.6 Blood Glucose Control
Controlling Blood Glucose Concentration
15. Coordination & Response in Plants
15.1 Coordination & Response in Plants
Tropisms
16. Development of Organisms & Continuity of Life
16.1 Nuclear Division
Chromosomes & Cells
Mitosis
Meiosis
Uncontrolled Cell Division
16.2 Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
16.3 Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Flower Structure & Pollination Method
Self & Cross-pollination
Fertilisation in Plants
Seeds & Germination
Seed & Fruit Dispersal
16.4 Sexual Reproduction in Humans
The Reproductive Systems
Gametes & Fertilisation
Development of the Zygote
Sexual Hormones in Humans
17. Inheritance
17.1 Variation
Variation
17.2 DNA
DNA Structure
Genes & Protein Production
17.3 Inheritance
Inheritance: Definitions
Monohybrid Inheritance
Codominance & Sex Determination
Mutation
17.4 Selection
Natural Selection
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria & Selection
Artificial Selection
18. Biotechnology & Genetic Modification
18.1 Biotechnology
Biotechnology
Usefulness of Bacteria
Fermenters
18.2 Genetic Modification
Genetic Modification
19. Relationships of Organisms with one another & with the Environment
19.1 Energy Flow
The Sun as a Source of Energy
Food Chains & Food Webs
Efficiency of Energy Transfer
Pyramids of Number, Biomass & Energy
19.2 Nutrient Cycles
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
19.3 Ecosystems & Biodiversity
Populations, Communities & Ecosystems
The Importance of Biodiversity
19.4 Effects of Humans on Ecosystems
Deforestation
Over-harvesting & Introducing Non-native Species
Water Pollution
Other Pollution
19.5 Conservation
Reasons for Conservation
Sustainability