1. Structure, Bonding & Introduction to Organic Chemistry

1.1 Formulae & Equations

1.1.1 Formulae & Mass

1.1.2 Avogadro & the Mole

1.1.3 Full & Ionic Equations

1.1.4 Calculating Formulae

1.2 Amount of Substance

1.2.1 Concentration Calculations

1.2.2 Reacting Mass Calculations

1.2.3 Reacting Volume Calculations

1.2.4 Calculations of Product

1.3 Atomic Structure

1.3.1 Sub-Atomic Particles

1.3.2 Isotopes & Mass Spectra

1.4 Electrons & Ions

1.4.1 Endothermic Ionisation Energy

1.4.2 Electronic Structures

1.4.3 Shapes of Orbitals

1.4.4 Electronic Configurations & Chemical Properties

1.5 The Periodic Table

1.5.1 Periodicity - Ionisation Energy

1.5.2 Periodicity - Thermal Trends

1.6 Ionic & Metallic Bonding & Structure

1.6.1 Evidence of Ions

1.6.2 Ionic Bonding & Structures

1.6.3 Ionic Bond Strength

1.6.4 Polarisation

1.6.5 Metallic Bonding & Lattices

1.7 Covalent Bonding & Structure

1.7.1 Evidence of Covalent Bonding

1.7.2 Covalent Bonding

1.7.3 Carbon Allotropes

1.7.4 Electronegativity

1.7.5 VSEPR Theory

1.7.6 Predicting Shapes & Angles

1.8 Introductory Organic Chemistry

1.8.1 Hazards & Risks

1.8.2 Functional Groups & Homologous Series

1.8.3 Nomenclature & Classification

1.8.4 Isomers - Structural

1.9 Alkanes

1.9.1 Alkanes - Introduction

1.9.2 Alkanes as Fuels

1.9.3 Combustion of Alkanes

1.9.4 Alternative Fuels

1.9.5 Free Radicals & Fission

1.9.6 The Free Radical Substitution Mechanism

1.10 Alkenes

1.10.1 Alkenes - Introduction

1.10.2 Isomers - Geometric

1.10.3 Reactions of Alkenes

1.10.4 Saturation Test

1.10.5 Electrophilic Addition - Mechanism

1.10.6 Addition Polymerisation

1.10.7 Polymer Disposal

2. Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes & Alcohols

2.1 Energetics

2.1.1 Enthalpy Level Diagrams

2.1.2 Enthalpy Change - Definitions

2.1.3 Using Calorimetry

2.1.4 Using Hess Cycles

2.1.5 Bond Enthalpies

2.2 Intermolecular Forces

2.2.1 Intermolecular Forces - Introduction

2.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding

2.2.3 Physical Properties

2.2.4 Solvent Choice

2.3 Redox Chemistry & Acid-Base Titrations

2.3.1 Oxidation Numbers - Introduction

2.3.2 Oxidation & Reduction

2.3.3 Disproportionation Reactions

2.3.4 Ionic Equations

2.3.5 Acid-Base Titrations with Indicators

2.4 Groups 1 & 2

2.4.1 Ionisation Energy - Groups 1 & 2

2.4.2 Reactivity - Groups 1 & 2

2.4.3 Oxides & Hydroxides

2.4.4 Group 2 Hydroxides & Sulfates

2.4.5 Nitrates & Carbonates

2.4.6 Flame Tests

2.4.7 Qualitative Tests

2.5 Group 7

2.5.1 Trends of the Group 7 Elements

2.5.2 Halogen Displacement Reactions

2.5.3 Redox Reactions of the Halogens

2.5.4 Other Reactions of the Halogens

2.6 Introduction to Kinetics & Equilibria

2.6.1 Collision Theory

2.6.2 Rates of Reaction

2.6.3 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions

2.6.4 Catalysts & Energy

2.6.5 Dynamic Equilibrium in Reversible Reactions

2.6.6 Le Chatelier's Principle

2.6.7 Industrial Compromises

2.7 Organic Chemistry: Introduction

2.7.1 Types of Reaction

2.7.2 Reaction Mechanisms: Introduction

2.8 Organic Chemistry: Halogenoalkanes

2.8.1 Halogenoalkanes - Introduction

2.8.2 Reactions of Halogenoalkanes

2.8.3 The Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism

2.8.4 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes

2.8.5 Trends in Halogenoalkanes

2.9 Organic Chemistry: Alcohols

2.9.1 Alcohols - Introduction

2.9.2 Reactions of Alcohols

2.9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols

2.10 Organic Chemistry: Techniques & Spectra

2.10.1 Organic Chemistry Techniques

2.10.2 Interpreting Mass Spectra

2.10.3 Using Infrared Spectrometry

3. Practical Skills in Chemistry I

3.1 Physical Chemistry Core Practicals

3.1.1 Molar Volume of a Gas

3.1.2 Determining Enthalpy Change of Reaction

3.1.3 Determining Concentrations

3.1.4 Standard Solutions

3.2 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals

3.2.1 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes

3.2.2 Chlorination of 2-Methylpropan-2-ol

3.2.3 Propan-1-ol Oxidation

3.2.4 AS Qualitative Analysis

4: Rates, Equilibria & Further Organic Chemistry

4.1 Kinetics

4.1.1 Kinetic Rates

4.1.2 Rate Equations & Orders

4.1.3 Reaction Orders - Graphs

4.1.4 Obtaining Rate Data

4.1.5 Initial-Rate Method

4.1.6 Continuous Monitoring Method

4.1.7 Rate-Determining Steps from Equations

4.1.8 Reaction Mechanisms

4.1.9 Acid-Catalysed Iodination of Propanone

4.1.10 Activation Energy & Arrhenius

4.2 Entropy

4.2.1 Entropy - Introduction

4.2.2 Entropy Changes

4.2.3 Total Entropy

4.2.4 Reaction Feasibility

4.3 Energetics

4.3.1 Born-Haber Cycles - Key Terms

4.3.2 Born-Haber Cycles

4.3.3 Polarisation

4.3.4 Enthalpy of Solution - Key Terms

4.3.5 Enthalpy of Solution - Calculations

4.3.6 Enthalpy of Solution - Ionic Charge & Radius

4.4 Chemical Equilibria

4.4.1 Equilibrium Constant, Kc

4.4.2 Equilibrium Constant, Kp

4.4.3 Equilibrium Constant & Conditions

4.4.4 Equilibrium Constant & Temperature

4.4.5 Equilibrium Constant & Entropy

4.5 Acid-base Equilibria

4.5.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acid & Base Theory

4.5.2 pH

4.5.3 Acid Strength

4.5.4 pH Calculations of Acids

4.5.5. Ionic Product of Water

4.5.6 Analysing pH Data

4.5.7 Titration Curves

4.5.8 Buffers

4.5.9 Buffer Calculations

4.6 Organic Chemistry: Chirality

4.6.1 Chirality in Optical Isomers

4.6.2 Racemates & Optical Activity

4.6.3 Mechanisms & Optical Activity

4.7 Organic Chemistry: Carbonyls

4.7.1 Carbonyls

4.7.2 Reactions of Carbonyls

4.8 Organic Chemistry: Carboxylic Acids

4.8.1 Carboxylic Acids

4.8.2 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

4.8.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

4.8.4 Acyl Chlorides & Esters

4.8.5 Acid & Alkaline Hydrolysis of Esters

4.8.6 Forming Polyesters

4.9 Organic Analytical Techniques

4.9.1 High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

4.9.2 Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy

4.9.3 Low Resolution Proton NMR

4.9.4 High Resolution Proton NMR

4.9.5 Chromatography - TLC

4.9.6 Chromatography - HPLC & GC

5. Transition Metals & Organic Nitrogen Chemistry

5.1 Redox Equilibria

5.1.1 Reduction & Oxidation

5.1.2 Standard Electrode Potential

5.1.3 Measuring Standard Electrode Potential

5.1.4 Conventional Cell Representation

5.1.5 Thermodynamics & Electrode Potential

5.1.6 Fuel Cells

5.1.7 Redox Titration Calculations

5.2 Transition Metals & Complexes

5.2.1 Transition Metals

5.2.2 Transition Metal Complexes

5.2.3 Colour in Aqueous ions

5.2.4 Ligands

5.2.5 Ligand Exchange

5.2.6 Octahedral & Tetrahedral Complexes

5.2.7 Square Planar Complexes

5.2.8 Haemoglobin & Ligand Exchange

5.3 Transition Metal Reactions

5.3.1 Vanadium Chemistry

5.3.2 Chromium Chemistry

5.3.3 Ions in Aqueous Solution

5.3.4 Catalysts

5.3.5 Homogeneous Catalysis

5.3.6 Autocatalysis

5.4 Organic Chemistry: Arenes

5.4.1 Benzene - Structure & Stability

5.4.2 Benzene Reactions

5.4.3 Benzene - Electrophilic Substitution

5.4.4 Phenol Bromination

5.5 Organic Chemistry: Nitrogen Compounds

5.5.1 Amines, Amides & Amino Acids - Introduction

5.5.2 Primary Aliphatic Amines

5.5.3 Aromatic Amines

5.5.4 Amides

5.5.5 Polymerisation

5.5.6 Polyamides & Poly(ethenol)

5.5.7 Characteristic Behaviour of Amino Acids

5.6 Organic Synthesis

5.6.1 Deducing Organic Structures

5.6.2 Planning Reaction Schemes

5.6.3 Increasing the Carbon Chain Length

5.6.4 Organic Techniques - Preparation

5.6.5 Organic Techniques - Purification

5.6.6 Organic Techniques - Purity

6. Practical Skills in Chemistry II

6.1 Advanced Physical Chemistry Core Practicals

6.1.1 Rates of Reaction - Titrimetric Method

6.1.2 Rates of Reaction - Clock Reaction

6.1.3 Activation Energy

6.1.4 Finding Ka Values

6.1.5 Electrochemical Cells

6.2 Advanced Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals

6.2.1 Redox Titration - Iron(II) & Manganate(VII)

6.2.2 Redox Titration -Thiosulfate & Iodine

6.2.3 Transition Metal Complexes

6.2.4 A-Level Qualitative Analysis

6.2.5 Aspirin Preparation