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Home
AP
Chemistry
College Board
Revision Notes
College Board AP Chemistry Revision Notes
Concise resources for the College Board AP Chemistry course.
Unit 1: Atomic Structure & Properties
1.1 Moles & Molar Mass
The Mole Concept
Masses & Particles
Molar Mass
1.2 Mass Spectroscopy of Elements
Average Atomic Mass
Mass Spectrum of an Element
1.3 Elemental Composition of Pure Substances
Elemental Composition
1.4 Composition of Mixtures
Composition of Mixtures
Elemental Analysis
1.5 Atomic Structure & Electron Configuration
Atomic Structure
Using Coulomb’s Law
Electron Configuration
The Aufbau Principle
Ionization Energy
1.6 Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
1.7 Periodic Trends
Structure of the Periodic Table
Periodic Trends
Predicting Properties of Elements
1.8 Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds
Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds
Unit 2: Molecular & Ionic Compound Structure & Properties
2.1 Types of Chemical Bonds
Electronegativity Values
Covalent Bonds
Ionic vs Covalent
Valence Electrons in a Metallic Solid
2.2 Intramolecular Force & Potential Energy
Intramolecular Force & Potential Energy
Coulomb's Law & Attractive Forces
2.3 Structure of Ionic Solids
Ionic Crystals
2.4 Structure of Metals & Alloys
Representing Metallic Bonding
Interstitial Alloys
Substitutional Alloys
2.5 Lewis Diagrams
Lewis Diagrams
2.6 Resonance & Formal Charge
Resonance & Lewis Structures
Formal Charge
Limitations of Lewis Structures
2.7 VSEPR & Bond Hybridization
VSEPR Theory
Hybridization
Sigma & Pi Bonds
Unit 3: Intermolecular Forces & Properties
3.1 Intermolecular Forces
London Dispersion Forces
Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Ion-Dipole Interactions
Molecular Dipole Moment
Hydrogen Bonding
Interactions in Large Biomolecules
3.2 Properties of Solids
Explaining the Properties of Solids & Liquids
Properties of Ionic Solids
Covalent Network Solids
Molecular Solids
Metallic Solids
Noncovalent Interactions in Large Molecules
3.3 Solids, Liquids, & Gases
The Structure of Solids
The Liquid Phase
The Gas Phase
3.4 Ideal Gas Law
The Ideal Gas Law
Partial Pressure & Total Pressure
Graphical Representations of the Gas Laws
3.5 Kinetic Molecular Theory
Kinetic Molecular Theory
The Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution
3.6 Deviation from Ideal Gas Law
Non-Ideal Behavior of Gases
3.7 Solutions & Mixtures
Calculations About Solutions
Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Mixtures
Molarity
3.8 Representations of Solutions
Particulate Representations of Solutions
3.9 Separation of Solution & Mixtures Chromatography
Separation By Chromatography
Separation by Distillation
3.10 Solubility
Solubility of Ionic & Molecular Compounds
3.11 Spectroscopy & Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Transitions Associated with Radiation
3.12 Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric Effect
3.13 Beer-Lambert Law
Beer-Lambert Law
Unit 4: Chemical Reactions
4.1 Introduction for Reactions
Physical & Chemical Changes
4.2 Net Ionic Equations
Representing Chemical Changes
4.3 Representations of Reactions
Balancing Chemical Equations
4.4 Physical & Chemical Changes
Physical & Chemical Processes
4.5 Stoichoimetry
Conservation of Mass
Mole Calculations
Ideal Gas Law & Solutions
4.6 Introduction to Titration
Introduction to Titration
4.7 Types of Chemical Reactions
Identifying Acid-Base Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Assigning Oxidation Numbers
Precipitation Reactions
4.8 Introduction to Acid-Base Reactions
Brønsted-Lowry Acids & Bases
Conjugate Acids & Bases
4.9 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Unit 5: Kinetics
5.1 Reaction Rates
Measuring Reaction Rate
Stoichiometry & Reaction Rate
Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
5.2 Introduction to Rate Law
Introduction to Rate Law
5.3 Concentration Changes Over TIme
Concentration-Time Graphs
Manipulating Concentration-Time Graphs
Concentration-Time Graphs & Rate Constants
Concentration-Time Graphs & Half-Life
5.4 Elementary Reactions
Elementary Reactions
5.5 Collision Model
Collision Model
5.6 Reaction Energy Profile
Reaction Energy Profiles
The Arrhenius Equation
5.7 Introduction to Reaction Mechanisms
Reaction Mechanisms
5.8 Reaction Mechanism & Rate Law
Reaction Mechanism & Rate Law
5.9 Steady-State Approximation
Steady-State Approximation
5.10 Multistep Reaction Energy Profile
Multistep Reaction Energy Profile
5.11 Catalysis
Catalysts & Reaction Rate
Catalysts in Action
Unit 6: Thermodynamics
6.1 Endothermic & Exothermic Processes
Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions
6.2 Energy Diagrams
Energy Diagrams
6.3 Heat Transfer & Thermal Equilibrium
Thermal Energy & Molecular Collisions
6.4 Heat Capacity & Calorimetry
Energy Transfers
Calorimetry Calculations
6.5 Energy of Phase Changes
Energy of Phase Changes
6.6 Introduction to Enthalpy of Reaction
Enthalpy of Reaction
6.7 Bond Enthalpies
Enthalpy & Bond Energies
6.8 Enthalpy of Formation
Enthalpy of Formation
6.9 Hess’s Law
Hess's Law
Unit 7: Equilibrium
7.1 Introduction to Equilibrium
Reactions & Equilibrium
7.2 Direction of Reversible Reactions
Reversible Reactions
7.3 Reaction Quotient & Equilibrium Constant
The Reaction Quotient
7.4 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant
Calculating the Equilibrium Constant
7.5 Magnitude of the Equilbrium Constant
Magnitude of the Equilbrium Constant
7.6 Properties of the Equilbrium Constant
Manipulating the Equilibrium Constant
7.7 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
7.8 Representations of Equilibrium
Representations of Equilibrium
7.9 Introduction to Le Châtelier’s Principle
Le Châtelier’s Principle
7.10 Reaction Quotient & Le Châtelier’s Principle
Reaction Quotient & Le Châtelier’s Principle
7.11 Introduction to Solubility Equilibria
Solubility-Product Constant
7.12 Common-Ion Effect
Common-Ion Effect
7.13 pH & Solubility
pH & Solubility
7.14 Free Energy of Dissolution
Free Energy of Dissolution
Unit 8: Acids & Bases
8.1 Introduction to Acids & Bases
pH & pOH
The Ionic Product of Water
8.2 pH & pOH of Strong Acids & Bases
pH & pOH of Strong Acids & Bases
8.3 Weak Acid & Base Equilibria
Ionization of Weak Acids & Weak Bases
8.4 Acid-Base Reactions
Acid-Base Reactions
8.5 Acid-Base Titrations
Titration Curves & Equivalence Points
Titration Curves & Half-Equivalence Points
Titration Curves of Polyprotic Acids
8.6 Molecular Structure of Acids & Bases
Relative Strength of Acids & Bases
8.7 pH & pKa
pH & pKa
Acid-Base Indicators
8.8 Properties of Buffers
Properties of Buffers
8.9 Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
8.10 Buffer Capacity
Buffer Capacity
Unit 9: Applications of Thermodynamics
9.1 Introduction to Entropy
Introduction to Entropy
9.2 Absolute Entropy & Entropy Change
Entropy Calculations
9.3 Gibbs Free Energy & Thermodynamic Favorability
Gibbs Free Energy Change
Thermodynamic Favorability
Gibbs Free Energy Calculations
9.4 Thermodynamic & Kinetic Control
Thermodynamic & Kinetic Control
9.5 Free Energy & Equilibrium
Free Energy & Equilibrium
9.6 Coupled Reactions
Coupled Reactions
9.7 Galvanic (Voltaic) & Electrolytic Cells
Electrochemical Cells
9.8 Cell Potential & Free Energy
Cell Potential & Thermodynamic Favorability
9.9 Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions
Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions
Cell Potential & the Nernst Equation
9.10 Electrolysis & Faraday’s Law
Electrolysis & Faraday’s Law