Ar & Mr (CIE IGCSE Chemistry: Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award))

Relative atomic mass

• The symbol for relative atomic mass is A_r
• The relative atomic mass for each element can be found in the Periodic Table, along with the atomic number
  • Relative atomic mass is shown on the atomic symbol 
  • It is always larger than the atomic number (except for hydrogen, where they are the same)
  • Use the key on the Periodic Table to correctly identify the mass number

Key for chemical symbols on the Periodic Table

This key is given on the Periodic Table in exams and identifies the number that is the relative atomic mass.

• Atoms are too small to accurately weigh but scientists needed a way to compare the masses of atoms 
  • Carbon-12 is used as the standard atom and has a fixed mass of 12 units 
  • The mass of all other atoms are compared against carbon-12 
• The relative atomic mass of carbon is 12
  • The relative atomic mass of magnesium is 24 which means that magnesium is twice as heavy as carbon 
  • The relative atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 which means it has one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12 atom 

Relative molecular (formula) mass

• The symbol for the relative molecular mass is M_r
• Relative molecular mass is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule
  • The term relative formula mass is used when referring to the total mass of an ionic compound
• To calculate the M_r of a substance, you have to add up the relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in the formula

Relative Formula Mass Calculations Table

Substance	Atoms present	Calculation	Mr
Hydrogen H2	2 x H	(2 x 1)	2
Water H2O	(2 x H) + (1 x O)	(2 x 1) + (1 x 16)	18
Potassium carbonate K2CO3	(2 x K) + (1 x C) + (3 x O)	(2 x 39) + (1 x 12) + (3 x 16)	138
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2	(1 x Ca) + (2 x O) + (2 x H)	(1 x 40) + (2 x 16) + (2 x 1)	74
Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4	(2 x N) + (8 x H) + (1 x S) + (4 x O)	(2 x 14) + (8 x 1) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16)	132

Reacting masses

• The Law of Conservation of mass tells us that mass cannot be created or destroyed
  • In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of the products
• We can use this, along with relative atomic / formula masses to perform calculations to identify the quantities of reactants or products involved in a chemical reaction
• Example:

2Ca + O₂ → 2CaO

• Relative atomic masses: Ca = 40; O = 16
• Using the balanced symbol equation:
  • Reactants:
  • 2 x 40 = 80 units of mass of calcium
  • 2 x 16 = 32 units of mass of oxygen (O₂ molecule, 16 + 16 = 32)
  • Products:
  • 2 x (40 + 16) = 112 units of mass of CaO

2Ca + O₂ → 2CaO

80 + 32   =   112

• The ratio of the mass of calcium and oxygen reacting will always be the same, regardless of the units
  • 80 g of calcium will react with 32 g of oxygen to form 112 g of calcium oxide
  • 80 tonnes of calcium will react with 32 tonnes of oxygen to form 112 tonnes of calcium oxide
  • So, 40 kg of calcium will react with 16 kg of oxygen to form 56 kg of calcium oxide