Impacts on Places & People (DP IB Geography)
Revision Note
Effects on People & Places
Employment
Loss of job opportunities due to changes in tourism and agriculture
Tourism may decline in some areas for example ski resorts may close due to the lack of reliable snow
Coastal resorts may be at risk of flooding leading to the closure
Decline in fishing in some areas due to changing ocean temperatures
Farmers either change the crop they grow or livestock they raise or face having to leave farming
Homes
Increased flooding due to sea level rise and increased frequency and severity of storms will lead to displacement of large numbers of people
Homes in low-lying areas may have to be abandoned or need additional defences against sea level rise
Moving settlements or improving flood defences will be costly
Social
Global warming is leading to increased human migration, particularly from low-lying islands
Some residents of Kiribati, South Pacific, have already abandoned their homes and claiming environmental refugee status
The UN’s refugee agency, estimates that 1.2 billion people could be displaced globally by 2050 due to climate change and natural disasters
Problems such as hunger and conflict will increase as resources decline or change, which will also drive economic, social and cultural changes
LICs are more likely to be affected by changes as they are economically and technologically held back
65% of workers in Bangladesh are involved in agriculture, however, this industry is threatened by floods and sea level rise
Health Hazards
Climate change can impact human health in various ways
Heatwaves, extreme weather events, changes in disease vectors (e.g. mosquitos), and reduced air quality can all have negative health consequences, including heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems, and the spread of infectious diseases
Just a 2°C rise in temperature would allow mosquitos to breed in previously cooler regions
Italy has experienced cases of malaria since 2017 when it was previously a malaria-free area
An additional 280 million people may be affected by malaria
Water-borne diseases are more likely to spread
Heat waves may lead to:
Heat stroke, dehydration and sunburn increase during heat waves
Stagnant air during heat waves increases air pollution levels:
Respiratory diseases increase and those suffering from respiratory illnesses such as asthma may be more affected
Increased temperatures negatively affect people with cardiopulmonary diseases
Diets may be restricted by food shortages leading to malnutrition and famine
Milder winters may lead to fewer winter-related deaths
Tourism & Ocean Transport Routes
Ocean transport routes account for 90% of global trade
New sea routes will open up as sea ice melts, although this will also cause geo-political issues in deciding on which country has sovereignty claims over the waters
The new routes will reduce the time taken between ports
Until 2009, the Arctic ice pack stopped shipping between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic Ocean throughout most of the year
Global warming has made the Northwest Passage (NWP) more navigable through the ice, making the distance travelled up to 40% shorter than previously
Although, emissions from ships will impact the pristine Arctic environment
However, existing routes will see a reduction in trade
Egypt could lose 60% of its trade through the Suez Canal from use of the Arctic NWP
Ports will have to adjust to rising sea levels, some will be able to dock larger ships as they become deeper, whilst others will be engulfed
Trade routes are threatened by intensifying storms through increased wind speeds, wave heights and precipitation
Tourism will also change as:
Summer seasons are extended
Tourist resorts will have to move as sea levels rise
Extreme weather will damage infrastructure, erode and submerge beaches
Ocean acidification threatens natural attractions such as coral reefs
Winter sports decline as snow and ice disappear
Climate change leads to changes in biodiversity, affecting eco-tourism
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