Frequency Tables (Edexcel AS Maths: Statistics)

In most cases in your statistics course, you will come across data that is presented in a frequency table. These allow data to be summarised and make them easier to work with.

A frequency table for ungrouped data shows the frequency of individual data values

Why use a frequency table for ungrouped data?

• When collecting large amounts of raw data, it is quicker to use a tally system and then collate the results into a frequency table
• Ungrouped frequency tables are normally used for numerical, discrete data
• Organising data into a frequency table makes it easier to work with
  • Calculating averages, ranges and summary statistics can be done much quicker from a frequency table than from raw data
• It gives a clear pattern of the data
  • It is easy to quickly see where most of the data are and to see extreme values
• A frequency table for ungrouped data keeps all of the original data values
  • It is still possible to calculate the actual averages, ranges and summary statistics

How are mean, median and mode calculated from an ungrouped frequency table?

• You should already be familiar with finding the mean, median and mode from raw, ungrouped data
• The mode is the value that occurs most often in a data set
  • In an ungrouped frequency table the data value with the highest frequency will be the mode
• The median is the middle value when the data is in order of size
  • To find the median from an ungrouped frequency table, add the frequencies together until you reach the value that is half of the total
  • For a data set of values, calculate  and the median will be whichever data value corresponds with this frequency
• The mean is the sum of all the values divided by the number of values in the data set
  • To find the mean, multiply each data value by its corresponding frequency, find the sum of these values and then divide by the total frequency
  • The notation for the sum of the values is 
  • The formula for the mean from a frequency table is 

A frequency table for grouped data is usually used for large amounts of continuous data. They shows the frequency of data values that are within a particular group or class.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of grouping data?

• Grouping data is especially useful when data can take a large range of different values
• Trends and patterns can be easily spotted when data has been grouped
• Calculations are much quicker with data that has been grouped
• It is important to be aware, however, that grouped frequency tables also have some negatives
  • The actual data values are lost when data is grouped
  • It is only possible to calculate estimated averages, ranges and summary statistics 

Notation for grouped frequency tables

• When grouping data, it is important to be clear about which group or class any data value should be entered into
  • A group entry of 10 – 20 followed by 20 – 30 would be unclear because the number 20 could be entered into both groups
    • If the data are discrete, this could be written as 10 – 19 and 20 – 29
    • For continuous data, this could be changed to 10 – and 20 –
    • This would most likely be represented as  and 
• Most commonly inequalities are used to group continuous data as they leave no ambiguity
• If the data are continuous, always check that there are no gaps between upper boundary of a class and the lower boundary of the next class
  • If there are gaps you will need to close these gaps by changing the boundaries before carrying out any calculations
    • For example, the groups followed by will become and 
    • Check the inequality signs carefully
• Be careful when deciding what category the data falls into, taking the group for example,
  • if the data had been rounded it would take the form  as described above
  • if the data had been truncated however, then the boundaries would become 
    • this is most likely to happen with age, which is technically a continuous variable due to being able to take any, however we would usually consider age by counting years

Finding averages from grouped frequency tables

• Instead of finding the mode, when working with a grouped frequency table we instead find the modal class
  • This will be the class (group) with the greatest frequency
• It is only possible to calculate an estimate for the mean and the median from a grouped frequency table
• Calculating the estimated mean is the same as for ungrouped frequency tables, however you will need to find the midpoints first
  • the midpoint is the mean of the upper and lower values in the class boundaries
  • multiply the midpoint by its corresponding frequency, find the sum of these values and then divide by 
• Calculating the estimated median is more complicated and can involve using linear interpolation

Linear interpolation from grouped data

• For grouped data, the median, quartiles and percentiles can be found using a process called linear interpolation
• Interpolation uses the assumption that the data values are evenly spread throughout each class
  • Once you know which data value you are looking for, interpolation uses proportion for find how far through each class the data value should be
  • It is important to remember to add on the lower-class boundary after finding the correct data value
• Follow these steps to use linear interpolation to find the median, quartiles or percentiles:

Step 1. Find the place within the data where the value you are looking to find is positioned, e.g. the median will be the th value

Step 2. Add up the frequencies until you know which class this value will fall into (this is finding the cumulative frequency)

Step 3. Write the upper- and lower-class boundaries of this group on the upper side of a simple number line

Step 4. On the other side of the same number line add the lower and upper values of the cumulative frequency for this group to the ends of the line

Step 5. Use proportion to calculate the data value that is the same fraction of the way through the group on the upper side of the number line as where the value you are looking for would sit on the lower side of the number line

• • • To see these steps in action, go to part (iv) of the worked example
• This method can be used to find any percentile, for example the 81^st percentile will be the value that is ths of the way through the data