Wave Behaviour (Cambridge O Level Physics)

• All waves, whether transverse or longitudinal, can be reflected, refracted and diffracted

Reflection

• Reflection occurs when:

A wave hits a boundary between two media and does not pass through, but instead stays in the original medium

• The law of reflection states:

The angle of incidence = The angle of reflection

• When waves hit an object, such as a barrier, they can be reflected:

Reflection

When waves reflect off a barrier, the angle of reflection, r, is equal to the angle of incidence, i

Refraction

• Refraction occurs when:

A wave passes a boundary between two different transparent media and undergoes a change in direction

• When waves enter a different medium, their speed can change
• This effect is called refraction, and it can have two other effects:
  • The wavelength of the waves can increase or decrease
  • The waves can change direction

Refraction

Waves can change direction when moving between materials with different densities

• If the waves slow down, the waves will bunch together, causing the wavelength to decrease
  • The waves will also start to turn slightly towards the normal
• If the waves speed up then they will spread out, causing the wavelength to increase
  • The waves will also turn slightly away from the normal

Diffraction

• When waves pass through a narrow gap, the waves spread out
• This effect is called diffraction

Diffraction

Diffraction: when a wave passes through a narrow gap, it spreads out

• Diffraction, as shown above, only generally happens when the gap is smaller than the wavelength of the wave
• As the gap gets bigger, the effect gradually gets less pronounced until, in the case that the gap is very much larger than the wavelength, the waves no longer spread out at all

Diffraction and Gap Size

The size of the gap (compared to the wavelength) affects how much the waves spread out

• Diffraction can also occur when waves pass an edge

 Diffraction around an Edge

When a wave goes past the edge of a barrier, the waves can curve around the edge