Policies to Alleviate Poverty (Cambridge (CIE) O Level Economics)

Revision Note

Steve Vorster

Written by: Steve Vorster

Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn

Policies Aimed at Alleviating Poverty

  • The poverty cycle diagram (below) was introduced in the previous subtopic and helps to explain the causes of poverty

  • Any policy that helps to break the poverty cycle at any point will help to improve the standards of living within a country 

  • Policies used to alleviate poverty include promoting economic growth, improving education, providing more generous state benefits, progressive taxation, and the establishment/increase of a national minimum wage 
     

    Diagram illustrating a poverty trap, with cycles of low investment, low saving, low economic growth, low productivity, low human capital, low education, and low wages.
    Policies which help to improve any factor in the diagram will help to alleviate poverty

How Different Policies Alleviate Poverty

Policy

Explanation

Impact on Poverty Cycle

Promoting economic growth

  • Removing protectionism or engaging in expansionary demand and supply-side policies will promote growth

  • Data shows that economic growth has a very positive impact on economic development

  • In most cases growth precedes development

  • Often in less developed countries, economic growth is linked to one industry and generates many negative externalities of production possibly resulting in decreased living standards

Higher growth → higher wages → better education/healthcare → better human capital → better productivity → higher income

Improving education

  • Investing in this supply-side policy increases the potential output of the country (shifts the production possibility frontier outwards)

Higher education/skill levels → higher human capital → increased productivity → higher output → higher income

More generous state benefits

  • State benefits are usually given to the poorest and most vulnerable people in society

  • State benefits include unemployment and disability payments, pension payments, heating discounts, public transport subsidies etc.

More benefits → higher wages → better education/healthcare → better human capital → better productivity → higher wages

Progressive taxation

  • A progressive tax system redistributes from those with higher income to those with lower income and reduces income inequality

  • Redistribution often starts with the provision of free education and healthcare

  • Sometimes the benefits of a good progressive tax system are eradicated by the penalties imposed through multiple regressive (indirect) taxes

Higher redistribution → better education/healthcare → better human capital → better productivity → higher income

Establishment/increase of national minimum wage

  • Minimum wages are set above the free market rate

  • Firms are not allowed to pay anyone less than the legal rate

Higher wages → better education/healthcare → better human capital → better productivity → higher wages

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Steve Vorster

Author: Steve Vorster

Expertise: Economics & Business Subject Lead

Steve has taught A Level, GCSE, IGCSE Business and Economics - as well as IBDP Economics and Business Management. He is an IBDP Examiner and IGCSE textbook author. His students regularly achieve 90-100% in their final exams. Steve has been the Assistant Head of Sixth Form for a school in Devon, and Head of Economics at the world's largest International school in Singapore. He loves to create resources which speed up student learning and are easily accessible by all.

Jenna Quinn

Author: Jenna Quinn

Expertise: Head of New Subjects

Jenna studied at Cardiff University before training to become a science teacher at the University of Bath specialising in Biology (although she loves teaching all three sciences at GCSE level!). Teaching is her passion, and with 10 years experience teaching across a wide range of specifications – from GCSE and A Level Biology in the UK to IGCSE and IB Biology internationally – she knows what is required to pass those Biology exams.