Concentrated ammonia solution gives off ammonia gas. Concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off hydrogen chloride gas. Ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, are both colourless gases. Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to make the white solid ammonium chloride.
Apparatus is set up as shown.
After ten minutes a white solid forms in the tube where the gases meet.
i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia with hydrogen chloride.
[1]
ii) Name the process by which the ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases move in the tube.
[1]
iii) At which point, A, B, C or D, does the white solid form? Explain why the white solid forms at that point.
[3]
iv) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature. Predict how the results of the experiment would be different. Explain your answer.
[3]
Some of the white solid is removed from the tube and dissolved in water.
Describe how the white solid could be tested to show it contains:
i) Ammonium ions.
Test ...........................
Result .......................
[3]
ii) Chloride ions.
Test .........................
Result .....................
[3]
The diagram shows the electron arrangement in a molecule of ammonia, showing only outer shell electrons.
i) State the type of bonding in ammonia.
[1]
ii) Hydrazine, N2H4, is another compound of nitrogen and hydrogen. Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrazine, showing only outer shell electrons.
[3]
Nylon and proteins are both polymers containing nitrogen.
i) Name the linkages found in the polymers of nylon and protein.
[1]
ii) Describe one difference in the structures of nylon and protein.
[1]
iii) What is the general name given to the products of hydrolysis of proteins?
[1]
Suggest the structure of the monomer used to make the polymer shown.
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