Development of the Zygote (Cambridge O Level Biology)

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Development of the Zygote

  • After fertilisation in the oviduct, the zygote travels towards the uterus
  • This takes about 3 days, during which time the zygote will divide several times to form a ball of cells known as an embryo
  • In the uterus, the embryo embeds itself in the thick lining (implantation) and continues to grow and develop
  • The gestation period for humans is 9 months
  • Major development of organs takes place within the first 12 weeks, during which time the embryo gets nutrients from the mother by diffusion through the uterus lining
  • After this point, the organs are all in place, the placenta has formed and the embryo is now called a fetus
  • The remaining gestation time is used by the fetus to grow bigger in size

The fetus in the uterusThe foetus in the uterus

 

  • The fetus is surrounded by an amniotic sac which contains amniotic fluid (made from the mother’s blood plasma)
  • This protects the fetus during development by cushioning it from bumps to the mother’s abdomen
  • The umbilical cord joins the fetus’s blood supply to the placenta for exchange of nutrients and removal of waste products

Virus Transmission Across the Placenta

  • During the gestation period the fetus develops and grows by gaining the glucose, amino acids, fats, water and oxygen it needs from the mother’s blood
  • The blood runs opposite each other, never mixing, in the placenta
  • The fetus’s blood connects to and from the placenta by the umbilical cord
  • The mother’s blood also absorbs the waste from the fetus’s blood in the placenta; substances like carbon dioxide and urea are removed from the fetus’s blood so that they do not build up to dangerous levels
  • Movement of all molecules across the placenta occurs by diffusion due to differences in concentration gradients
  • The placenta is adapted for this diffusion by having a large surface area and a thin wall for efficient diffusion
  • The placenta acts as a barrier to prevent toxins and pathogens from getting into the fetus’s blood
  • Not all toxin molecules or pathogenic organisms are stopped from passing through the placenta (this usually depends on the size of the molecule)
  • This is why pregnant women are advised not to smoke during pregnancy, as molecules like nicotine can pass across the placenta
  • Certain viruses are small enough to cross the placenta and reach the bloodstream of the fetus
    • Examples of such viruses include rubella and HIV
  • Once circulating in the blood of the fetus, these viruses can cause very serious health complications
    • Rubella may lead to problems such as deafness, heart disease and eye problems
    • HIV could be fatal to a foetus

The structure of the placenta diagram

The placentaCertain molecules and viruses are small enough to cross the placental barrier and reach the bloodstream of the fetus

Examiner Tip

You are not expected to know the structural details of the placenta but it is worth learning at least two specific substances that move in either direction across the placenta – this is a common exam question and non-specific answers such as ‘waste products’ and ‘nutrients’ will not get any marks!

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Marlene

Author: Marlene

Expertise: Biology

Marlene graduated from Stellenbosch University, South Africa, in 2002 with a degree in Biodiversity and Ecology. After completing a PGCE (Postgraduate certificate in education) in 2003 she taught high school Biology for over 10 years at various schools across South Africa before returning to Stellenbosch University in 2014 to obtain an Honours degree in Biological Sciences. With over 16 years of teaching experience, of which the past 3 years were spent teaching IGCSE and A level Biology, Marlene is passionate about Biology and making it more approachable to her students.