Introduction to Vectors (Cambridge O Level Additional Maths)

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Basic Vectors

What is a vector?

  • Vectors represent a movement of a certain magnitude (size) in a given direction
    • For example: two objects with velocities of 7 m/s and ‑7 m/s are travelling at the same speed but in opposite directions
  • You should have already come across vectors when translating functions of graphs
  • They appear in many contexts of maths including mechanics for modelling forces
  • A vector in two directions has components in the direction of the x- and y- axes
    • Vector quantities can have positive or negative components
  • Vectors can be represented in different ways such as a column vector or as an i and j unit vector
  • Some examples of vector quantities you may come across are displacement, velocity or acceleration

Basic Vectors Diagram 1, AS & A Level Maths revision notes

Examiner Tip

  • Think of vectors like a journey from one place to another
  • Diagrams can help, if there isn’t one, draw one
  • In your exam you can’t write in bold so should underline your vector notation

Worked example

11-1-1-basic-vectors-example-diagram

11-1-1-basic-vectors-example-solution-1

Magnitude of a Vector

How do you find the magnitude of a vector?

  • The magnitude of a vector tells us its size or length
  • The magnitude of the vector AB with rightwards arrow on top is denoted open vertical bar AB with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar
    • The magnitude of the vector a is denoted |a|
  • The magnitude of a vector can be found using  Pythagoras’ theorem
  • The magnitude of a vector bold italic v equals v subscript 1 bold i plus blank v subscript 2 bold j is found using
    • open vertical bar bold italic v close vertical bar equals blank square root of v subscript 1 superscript space 2 end superscript plus blank v subscript 2 superscript blank 2 end superscript end root
    • where v equals blank open parentheses table row cell v subscript 1 end cell row cell v subscript 2 end cell end table close parentheses

Magnitude Direction Diagram 1a, AS & A Level Maths revision notes

What is a unit vector?

  • A unit vector has a magnitude of 1
  • The vectors bold i and bold j are unit vectors
    • the direction of bold i is in the positive x-direction
    • the direction of bold j is in the positive y-direction
  • To find a unit vector in the direction of a given vector divide the vector by its magnitude

Examiner Tip

  • Finding the magnitude of a vector is the same as finding the distance between two coordinates
    • Commit the formula to memory and be prepared to use it in the exam

Worked example

A vector stack X Y with rightwards arrow on top equals open parentheses table row cell negative 12 end cell row 5 end table close parentheses.

a)
Find vertical line stack X Y with rightwards arrow on top vertical line.

vertical line stack X Y with rightwards arrow on top vertical line is the magnitude of the vector, so use Pythagoras' theorem.

vertical line stack X Y with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 12 squared plus 5 squared end root equals square root of 169

vertical line stack X Y with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals 13

b)
Find the unit vector in the direction of stack X Y with rightwards arrow on top.

For a unit vector, divide the vector stack X Y with rightwards arrow on top by its magnitude, which was found in part (a).

fraction numerator stack X Y with rightwards arrow on top over denominator vertical line stack X Y with rightwards arrow on top vertical line end fraction equals fraction numerator negative 12 bold i plus 5 bold j over denominator 13 end fraction equals negative 12 over 13 bold i plus 5 over 13 bold j

The unit vector in the direction of stack X Y with rightwards arrow on top is open parentheses table row cell bevelled fraction numerator negative 12 over denominator 13 end fraction end cell row cell bevelled 5 over 13 end cell end table close parentheses.

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Position Vectors

What is a position vector?

  • Position vectors describe the position of a point in relation to the origin
  • They are different to displacement vectors which describe the direction and distance between any two points
  • The position vector of point A is written with the notation a = OA with rightwards arrow on top 
    • The origin is always denoted O
  • The individual components of a position vector are the coordinates of its end point
    • For example the point with coordinates (3, -2) has position vector 3i – 2j

 

new-11-1-4-position-vectors-diagram-1

How do I find the distance between two points using vectors?

  • The distance between two points is the magnitude of the vector between them

 Position Vectors Diagram 2a, AS & A Level Maths revision notes

How do I find the magnitude of a displacement vector?

  • You can use coordinate geometry to find magnitudes of displacement vectors from to B
    • From the position vectors of A  and B  you know their coordinates
      • If  bold a equals stack O A with rightwards arrow on top equals x subscript 1 bold i plus y subscript 1 bold j equals open parentheses table row cell x subscript 1 end cell row cell y subscript 1 end cell end table close parentheses,  then point A has coordinates open parentheses x subscript 1 comma space y subscript 1 close parentheses
      • If  bold b equals stack O B with rightwards arrow on top equals x subscript 2 bold i plus y subscript 2 bold j equals open parentheses table row cell x subscript 2 end cell row cell y subscript 2 end cell end table close parentheses,  then point B has coordinates open parentheses x subscript 2 comma space y subscript 2 close parentheses
    • The distance between two points is given by d space equals blank square root of open parentheses x subscript 1 minus blank x subscript 2 close parentheses squared space plus space open parentheses y subscript 1 minus blank y subscript 2 close parentheses squared end root blank
      • So  open vertical bar stack A B with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar space equals blank square root of open parentheses x subscript 1 minus blank x subscript 2 close parentheses squared space plus space open parentheses y subscript 1 minus blank y subscript 2 close parentheses squared end root blank
    • For example, if points A and B have position vectors 5 bold i plus 3 bold j and 3 bold i minus 6 bold j respectively
      • then  open vertical bar stack A B with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar equals square root of open parentheses 5 minus 3 close parentheses squared plus open parentheses 3 minus open parentheses negative 6 close parentheses close parentheses squared end root equals square root of 85 equals 9.22 space open parentheses 3 space straight s. straight f. close parentheses

  • Alternatively, you could find open vertical bar stack A B with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar by
    • first using  stack A B with rightwards arrow on top equals negative stack O A with rightwards arrow on top plus stack O B with rightwards arrow on top to find stack A B with rightwards arrow on top in vector form
      • and then calculating its magnitude directly
    • See the Worked Example below 

Examiner Tip

  • Remember if asked for a position vector, you must find the vector all the way from the origin
  • Diagrams can help, if there isn’t one, draw one

Worked example

Position Vectors Example Solution, AS & A Level Maths revision notes

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Lucy

Author: Lucy

Expertise: Head of STEM

Lucy has been a passionate Maths teacher for over 12 years, teaching maths across the UK and abroad helping to engage, interest and develop confidence in the subject at all levels. Working as a Head of Department and then Director of Maths, Lucy has advised schools and academy trusts in both Scotland and the East Midlands, where her role was to support and coach teachers to improve Maths teaching for all. Lucy has created revision content for a variety of domestic and international Exam Boards including Edexcel, AQA, OCR, CIE and IB.