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Introduction to Vectors (Cambridge O Level Additional Maths)
Revision Note
Basic Vectors
What is a vector?
- Vectors represent a movement of a certain magnitude (size) in a given direction
- For example: two objects with velocities of 7 m/s and ‑7 m/s are travelling at the same speed but in opposite directions
- You should have already come across vectors when translating functions of graphs
- They appear in many contexts of maths including mechanics for modelling forces
- A vector in two directions has components in the direction of the x- and y- axes
- Vector quantities can have positive or negative components
- Vectors can be represented in different ways such as a column vector or as an i and j unit vector
- Some examples of vector quantities you may come across are displacement, velocity or acceleration
Examiner Tip
- Think of vectors like a journey from one place to another
- Diagrams can help, if there isn’t one, draw one
- In your exam you can’t write in bold so should underline your vector notation
Worked example
Magnitude of a Vector
How do you find the magnitude of a vector?
- The magnitude of a vector tells us its size or length
- The magnitude of the vector is denoted
- The magnitude of the vector a is denoted |a|
- The magnitude of a vector can be found using Pythagoras’ theorem
- The magnitude of a vector is found using
- where
What is a unit vector?
- A unit vector has a magnitude of 1
- The vectors and are unit vectors
- the direction of is in the positive -direction
- the direction of is in the positive -direction
- To find a unit vector in the direction of a given vector divide the vector by its magnitude
Examiner Tip
- Finding the magnitude of a vector is the same as finding the distance between two coordinates
- Commit the formula to memory and be prepared to use it in the exam
Worked example
A vector .
is the magnitude of the vector, so use Pythagoras' theorem.
For a unit vector, divide the vector by its magnitude, which was found in part (a).
The unit vector in the direction of is .
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Position Vectors
What is a position vector?
- Position vectors describe the position of a point in relation to the origin
- They are different to displacement vectors which describe the direction and distance between any two points
- The position vector of point A is written with the notation a =
- The origin is always denoted O
- The individual components of a position vector are the coordinates of its end point
- For example the point with coordinates (3, -2) has position vector 3i – 2j
How do I find the distance between two points using vectors?
- The distance between two points is the magnitude of the vector between them
How do I find the magnitude of a displacement vector?
- You can use coordinate geometry to find magnitudes of displacement vectors from A to B
- From the position vectors of A and B you know their coordinates
- If , then point A has coordinates
- If , then point B has coordinates
- The distance between two points is given by
- So
- For example, if points A and B have position vectors and respectively
- then
- From the position vectors of A and B you know their coordinates
- Alternatively, you could find by
- first using to find in vector form
- and then calculating its magnitude directly
- See the Worked Example below
- first using to find in vector form
Examiner Tip
- Remember if asked for a position vector, you must find the vector all the way from the origin
- Diagrams can help, if there isn’t one, draw one
Worked example
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