Quadratic Graphs (Cambridge O Level Additional Maths)

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Quadratic Graphs

A quadratic is a function of the form y equals a x squared plus b x plus c where a is not zero
They are a very common type of function in mathematics, so it is important to know their key features

What does a quadratic graph look like?

  • The shape made by a quadratic graph is known as a parabola
  • The parabola shape of a quadratic graph can either look like a “∪-shape” or a “∩-shape”
    • A quadratic with a positive coefficient of x squared will be a ∪-shape
    • A quadratic with a negative coefficient of x squared will be a ∩-shape
  • A quadratic will always cross the y-axis
  • A quadratic may cross the x-axis twice, once, or not at all
    • The points where the graph crosses the x-axis are called the roots
  • If the quadratic is a ∪-shape, it has a minimum point (the bottom of the ∪)
  • If the quadratic is a ∩-shape, it has a maximum point (the top of the ∩)
  • Minimum and maximum points are both examples of turning points

Two quadratics: one positive and one negative

How do I sketch a quadratic graph?

  • We could create a table of values for the function and then plot it accurately
    • However we often only require a sketch to be drawn, showing just the key features
  • The key features needed to be able to sketch a quadratic graph are
    • the overall shape
      • ∪-shape graphs occur when a greater than 0 (positive quadratic)
      • ∩-shape graphs occur when a less than 0 (negative quadratic)
    • the x-intercept(s), these are also known as the roots (there may be none!)
      • roots are found by setting the quadratic function (or y) equal to zero
      • i.e. solve a x squared plus b x plus c equals 0
      • if there are no (real) solutions (i.e. no roots), the graph does not intersect the x-axis
        • the discriminant can be used to determine whether a quadratic function has 0, 1 or 2 roots
    • the y-intercept
      • this is found by setting x equals 0 in the quadratic function
      • so for a x squared plus b x plus c the coordinates of the y-intercept will be open parentheses 0 comma space c close parentheses
    • the minimum or maximum point (turning point)
      • sometimes a rough idea of where this should lie is enough
      • sometimes the specific coordinates of the turning point will be needed
      • when required the coordinates of the turning point can be found by either completing the square or differentiation
        • in cases where the quadratic has just one root, the graph will touch (rather than cross) the x-axis and so this will be the turning point

Worked example

a)

Sketch the graph of y equals x squared minus 5 x plus 6, labelling any intercepts with the coordinate axes.

It is a positive quadratic, so will be a union-shape

The 'plus c' at the end is the y-intercept (y equals c when x equals 0), so the graph crosses the y-axis at (0,6)

Factorise

y equals open parentheses x minus 2 close parentheses open parentheses x minus 3 close parentheses

Solve y equals 0

open parentheses x minus 2 close parentheses open parentheses x minus 3 close parentheses equals 0

x equals 2 space or space x equals 3

So the roots of the graph are

(2,0)  and (3,0)

cie-igcse-quadratic-graphs-we-1

 

b)

Sketch the graph of y equals x squared minus 6 x plus 13, labelling any intercepts with the coordinate axes.

It is a positive quadratic, so will be a union-shape

The 'plus c' at the end is the y-intercept, so this graph crosses the y-axis at

(0,13)

The discriminant of the quadratic is 'b squared minus 4 a c'

open parentheses negative 6 close parentheses squared minus 4 open parentheses 1 close parentheses open parentheses 13 close parentheses equals 36 minus 52 equals negative 16

As the discriminant is negative, there are no (real) roots and the graph does not intersect the x-axis

(Note we have included the coordinates of the turning point, open parentheses 3 comma space 4 close parentheses to help you visualise the graph, but there was no requirement from the question to do this - on a sketch like this, the turning point should be in the correct quadrant)

cie-igcse-quadratic-graphs-we-2

 

c)

Sketch the graph of y equals negative x squared minus 4 x minus 4 labelling any intercepts with the coordinate axes and the turning point.

It is a negative quadratic, so will be an intersection-shape

The 'plus c' at the end is the y-intercept, so this graph crosses the y-axis at (0, -4)

Factorising

negative x squared minus 4 x minus 4 equals negative open parentheses x squared plus 4 x plus 4 close parentheses equals negative open parentheses x plus 2 close parentheses squared

This shows that there is only one root and the graph will touch the x-axis at the point (-2, 0)
This point will also be the turning point - and as this is a negative quadratic - will be a maximum point

cie-igcse-quadratic-graphs-we-3

Sketching Graphs by Completing the Square

How does completing the square help me sketch graphs?

  • Completing the square can quickly tell us the coordinates of the turning point on a quadratic graph
  • This is based on the fact that a squared term (e.g.  open parentheses x plus 1 close parentheses squared) cannot be negative
  • STEP 1
    Complete the square - rewrite a x squared plus b x plus c equals 0 in the form a open parentheses x plus p close parentheses squared plus q
  • STEP 2
    Deduce the bold italic x-coordinate of the turning point
    • open parentheses x plus p close parentheses squared greater or equal than 0 for all values of x
    • Therefore it's minimum value is 0, and this occurs when x equals negative p

The x-coordinate is negative p

  • STEP 3
    Deduce the bold italic y-coordinate of the turning point
    • a open parentheses x plus p close parentheses squared equals 0
    • Therefore y equals q

The y-coordinate is q

  • STEP 4
    The turning point has coordinates open parentheses negative p comma space q close parentheses
    This can be considered when sketching the graph of the quadratic function
  • Note that the turning point could be a maximum or minimum point - this will depend on the value of a
    • a is the coefficient of the x squared term
    • If a is positive, the graph is bold union- shaped and will have a minimum point
    • If a is negative, the graph is bold intersection- shaped and will have a maximum pointFinding the coordinates of the turning point by completing the square

How do I use the graph of a quadratic function to find its range?

  • The range of a quadratic function will be shown on its graph by the values y takes
    • i.e.  the turning point from a quadratic graph will determine its range
  • For the quadratic function straight f open parentheses x close parentheses whose graph has a minimum point open parentheses x subscript m i n end subscript comma space y subscript m i n end subscript close parentheses
    • the range of the straight f open parentheses x close parentheses will be straight f greater or equal than y subscript m i n end subscript
  • For the quadratic function straight f open parentheses x close parentheses whose graph has a maximum point open parentheses x subscript m a x end subscript comma space y subscript m a x end subscript close parentheses
    • the range of straight f open parentheses x close parentheses will be straight f less or equal than y subscript m a x end subscript
  • If there any restrictions on the domain of straight f open parentheses x close parentheses then they could affect the range of straight f open parentheses x close parentheses

Worked example

Sketch the graph of y equals straight f open parentheses x close parentheses where straight f open parentheses x close parentheses equals 2 x squared minus 4 x minus 6, giving the coordinates of the turning point, and any points where the graph intercepts the coordinate axes.  Use your graph to write down the range of straight f open parentheses x close parentheses.

STEP 1 - Complete the square.

table row cell straight f open parentheses x close parentheses end cell equals cell 2 open parentheses x squared minus 2 x close parentheses minus 6 end cell row blank equals cell 2 open square brackets open parentheses x minus 1 close parentheses squared minus 1 close square brackets minus 6 end cell row blank equals cell 2 open parentheses x minus 1 close parentheses squared minus 8 end cell end table

STEP 2 - Deduce the x-coordinate.

x equals negative open parentheses negative 1 close parentheses equals 1

STEP 3 - Deduce the y-coordinate.

y equals negative 8

STEP 4 - Label the turning point when sketching the graph of the quadratic function.

desmos-graph-8

The graph has a minimum point so the range will be greater than or equal to the y-coordinate of this point.

The range of  is bold f bold greater than bold minus bold 8

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Paul

Author: Paul

Expertise: Maths

Paul has taught mathematics for 20 years and has been an examiner for Edexcel for over a decade. GCSE, A level, pure, mechanics, statistics, discrete – if it’s in a Maths exam, Paul will know about it. Paul is a passionate fan of clear and colourful notes with fascinating diagrams – one of the many reasons he is excited to be a member of the SME team.