Quadratic Graphs
A quadratic is a function of the form where is not zero
They are a very common type of function in mathematics, so it is important to know their key features
What does a quadratic graph look like?
- The shape made by a quadratic graph is known as a parabola
- The parabola shape of a quadratic graph can either look like a “∪-shape” or a “∩-shape”
- A quadratic with a positive coefficient of will be a ∪-shape
- A quadratic with a negative coefficient of will be a ∩-shape
- A quadratic will always cross the -axis
- A quadratic may cross the -axis twice, once, or not at all
- The points where the graph crosses the -axis are called the roots
- If the quadratic is a ∪-shape, it has a minimum point (the bottom of the ∪)
- If the quadratic is a ∩-shape, it has a maximum point (the top of the ∩)
- Minimum and maximum points are both examples of turning points
How do I sketch a quadratic graph?
- We could create a table of values for the function and then plot it accurately
- However we often only require a sketch to be drawn, showing just the key features
- The key features needed to be able to sketch a quadratic graph are
- the overall shape
- ∪-shape graphs occur when (positive quadratic)
- ∩-shape graphs occur when (negative quadratic)
- the -intercept(s), these are also known as the roots (there may be none!)
- roots are found by setting the quadratic function (or ) equal to zero
- i.e. solve
- if there are no (real) solutions (i.e. no roots), the graph does not intersect the -axis
- the discriminant can be used to determine whether a quadratic function has 0, 1 or 2 roots
- the -intercept
- this is found by setting in the quadratic function
- so for the coordinates of the -intercept will be
- the minimum or maximum point (turning point)
- sometimes a rough idea of where this should lie is enough
- sometimes the specific coordinates of the turning point will be needed
- when required the coordinates of the turning point can be found by either completing the square or differentiation
- in cases where the quadratic has just one root, the graph will touch (rather than cross) the -axis and so this will be the turning point
- the overall shape
Worked example
a)
Sketch the graph of , labelling any intercepts with the coordinate axes.
It is a positive quadratic, so will be a -shape
The '' at the end is the -intercept ( when ), so the graph crosses the -axis at (0,6)
Factorise
Solve
So the roots of the graph are
(2,0) and (3,0)
b)
Sketch the graph of , labelling any intercepts with the coordinate axes.
It is a positive quadratic, so will be a -shape
The '' at the end is the -intercept, so this graph crosses the y-axis at
(0,13)
The discriminant of the quadratic is ''
As the discriminant is negative, there are no (real) roots and the graph does not intersect the -axis
(Note we have included the coordinates of the turning point, to help you visualise the graph, but there was no requirement from the question to do this - on a sketch like this, the turning point should be in the correct quadrant)
Sketch the graph of , labelling any intercepts with the coordinate axes and the turning point.
It is a negative quadratic, so will be an -shape
The '' at the end is the -intercept, so this graph crosses the -axis at (0, -4)
Factorising
This shows that there is only one root and the graph will touch the -axis at the point (-2, 0)
This point will also be the turning point - and as this is a negative quadratic - will be a maximum point