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Solving Cubic Equations (Cambridge O Level Additional Maths)
Revision Note
Solving Cubic Equations
What is a cubic equation?
- A cubic function is an polynomial of degree 3
- i.e. the highest power of is 3
- A cubic equation can be written in the form
- Solving a cubic equation involves factorising the cubic function first.
How do I factorise a cubic function?
- Factorising a cubic (function) combines the factor theorem with the method of polynomial division
- The example below shows the steps for factorising a cubic
STEP 1
Use factor theorem.
Find a value such that .
STEP 2
Use polynomial division.
Divide by .
(It is possible to do this step 'by inspection', see the worked example below)
STEP 3
Use the result of your division to write .
STEP 4
If the quadratic can be factorised, do so.
can then be written as the product of three linear factors.
If the quadratic cannot be factorised, then the result from STEP 3 is the final factorisation.
How do I solve a cubic equation?
- A cubic equation will have either 1, 2 or 3 (real) solutions
- (The cubic function will have either 1, 2 or 3 (real) roots)
- Once the cubic function is factorised using the four steps above, there is one more step to carry out
STEP 5
Find the solutions to the cubic equation by making each factor equal to zero
-
- For each linear factor,
- so is a solution
- This is the factor theorem!
- For a quadratic factor,
- use either the quadratic formula or completing the square (as it won't factorise)
- this will give two of the solutions to the cubic equation
- if there are no solutions to the quadratic equation there are no solutions other than that from the linear factor
- For each linear factor,
- From the example above,
- so the solutions to the cubic equation are
- and
- Cubic equations can have equal (repeated) solutions
- e.g. has two (equal and real) roots, (repeated) and
- e.g. has three (equal and real) roots,
Examiner Tip
- When (i.e. there is no constant term) then is a factor of the cubic function, and so is a solution
- This is a special case of factor theorem, where
- spotting the factor of means there is no need to test values
- Take out a factor of and a quadratic function will remain
- Deal with the quadratic in any of the usual ways
- This is a special case of factor theorem, where
Worked example
STEP 1 - use factor theorem with
is a factor of
STEP 2 - polynomial division () or 'by inspection'
By inspection ...
('cubic' ÷ 'linear' = 'quadratic')
(because the is generated only from )
(because the constant term is generated only from )
Equate coefficients of (or ) terms to find ,
STEP 3
STEP 4 - the quadratic does not factorise
STEP 5 - Use the factors to find the solutions
(using the quadratic formula)
The solutions to are and .
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