Pathos: GCSE English Definition

What is pathos?

In GCSE English Literature and GCSE English Language, pathos refers to the emotional appeal in a text that evokes pity, sorrow, or sympathy in the reader or audience . Writers use pathos to create a strong emotional connection with the reader or audience, making the themes and characters more impactful.

Why do writers use pathos?

Writers use pathos to engage the reader or audience’s emotions and deepen their understanding of a character’s suffering or fate. For example, it is a powerful device in tragedy, as it enhances the emotional weight of key moments.

Example of pathos

A striking example of pathos appears in Macbeth by William Shakespeare when Macbeth reflects on the meaningless nature of life after hearing of Lady Macbeth’s death:

"Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,
And then is heard no more: it is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing."

In this soliloquy, Macbeth expresses deep despair and nihilism, portraying life as ultimately meaningless. His words evoke pity as the audience witnesses his complete loss of hope. Once an ambitious and powerful figure, he is now consumed by regret and disillusionment. Shakespeare’s use of pathos here reinforces the tragic downfall of Macbeth, making his fate all the more poignant.

Revision resources to ace your exams

Learn how to explore a writer's use of pathos by using our detailed GCSE revision notes.

GCSE English Literature Revision Notes

GCSE English Language Revision Notes

For more literary techniques, check out our list of 127 top literary devices, complete with student-friendly definitions.