Antagonist: GCSE English Definition

What is an antagonist?

In GCSE English Literature, an antagonist is a character who opposes the main character (the protagonist). The antagonist may try to prevent the protagonist from achieving their goals, and often there is a conflict between the antagonist and the protagonist.  

Why do writers use antagonists?

Stories would be very dull if they didn't include obstacles or conflict: the hero would have nothing to defeat; the protagonist would have nothing to overcome. Antagonists allow a writer to include a challenge to their main character, driving the plot forward, which in turn creates interest and tension.

Another reason a writer might include an antagonist is to represent a different world-view to the protagonist’s. This helps a writer add depth to the characterisation of their protagonist, by having another character represent a point of comparison.

Examples of antagonists

Iago is a classic example of an antagonist. In William Shakespeare’s Othello, Iago plots against the main character of Othello in order to bring his comrade down. While the protagonist Othello represents a noble warrior, his antagonist Iago is motivated by rage, jealousy and revenge.

Sometimes it’s assumed that all antagonists are villains, but this isn’t the case: in Macbeth, Macduff represents the antagonist, as he ultimately opposes Macbeth and stops Macbeth achieving his desire to remain king. Macduff is both an antagonist and an avenging hero in Shakespeare’s play.

Revision resources to ace your exams

Learn how to explore a writer’s use of antagonists, including how to incorporate analysis of the characterisation of antagonists into your essays, by using our detailed GCSE revision notes.

GCSE English Literature Revision Notes 

For more literary techniques, check out our list of 127 top literary devices, complete with student-friendly definitions.