Pulse-Echo Technique (Edexcel International AS Physics)

Foetal Scanning

• In medicine, ultrasound can be used to construct images of a foetus in the womb
  • An ultrasound detector is made up of a transducer that produces and detects a beam of ultrasound waves into the body
  • The ultrasound waves are reflected back to the transducer by different boundaries between tissues in the path of the beam
  • For example, the boundary between fluid and soft tissue or tissue and bone

• Using the speed of sound and the time of each echo’s return, the detector calculates the distance from the transducer to the tissue boundary
• Gel is put onto the scanner so that the boundary between the instrument and the skin is of the same density as the skin, this allows the signal to be easily transmitted
• By taking a series of ultrasound measurements, sweeping across an area, the time measurements may be used to build up an image
  • Unlike many other medical imaging techniques, ultrasound is non-invasive and harmless

Ultrasound can be used to construct an image of a foetus in the womb

Sonar

• Sonar uses ultrasound to detect objects underwater
• The sound wave is reflected off the object being tracked
• Examples include;
  • Finding fish by fishing fleets
  • Military uses looking for underwater vessels
  • Mapping the ocean bottom

• The time it takes for the sound wave to return is used to calculate the depth of the water
• The distance the wave travels is twice the depth of the ocean
  • This is the distance to the ocean floor plus the distance for the wave to return

Pulse Duration and Wavelength

• The amount of detail which can be captured (the resolution) of pulse-echo techniques depends on the wavelength
  • Shorter wavelengths have smaller (better) resolution
  • More detail can be seen since they diffract (spread out) less
  • More energy is needed as short wavelength waves have higher frequency
• Wavelength is chosen to be similar in size to the object that is being resolved
  • This makes best use of diffraction effects

• Pulse duration is a consideration because ultrasound transducers cannot transmit and receive pulses at the same time.
  • If incoming and outgoing pulses overlap the information is lost and image quality suffers
  • This affects the range since a longer wait time for pulses to return reduces the amount of information which can be collected

• Ultrasound pulses are very short, only a few microseconds, to reduce reflections from nearby interfaces
• The gap between pulses is relatively long, measured in milliseconds, to prevent overlapping signals
  
  • This combination of short pulses with relatively large spaces between them produces the clearest images

Part (a)

Step 1: Write the known values from the question

• • Frequency, f = 3.2 kHz = 3 200 Hz
  • Speed of sound, v = 1 500 m s⁻¹
  • Time, t = 3.6 s

Step 2: Write the correct equation and substitute the values

• • Distance;

d = vt = 1 500 × 3.6 = 5 400 m

Step 3: Account for the received signal being an echo

• • Total distance travelled by the signal = 5 400 m
  • Depth of the sea floor = 1/2 × 5 400 = 2 700 m

Part (b)

Step 1: Write the wave equation and rearrange to make wavelength the subject

Step 2: Calculate to find wavelength

Step 3: Write the final answer to correct significant figures and give units

The resolution of the signal is similar to the wavelength, and λ = 0.47 m