Factor & Remainder Theorem (Edexcel International A Level Maths: Pure 2)

What is the factor theorem?

• The factor theorem is a very useful result about polynomials
• A polynomial is an algebraic expression consisting of a finite number of terms, with non-negative integer indices only

• At A level you will most frequently use the factor theorem as a way to simplify the process of factorising polynomials

What do I need to know about the factor theorem?

• For a polynomial f(x) the factor theorem states that:
  • If f(p) = 0, then (x - p) is a factor of f(x)

  AND

• • If (x - p) is a factor of f(x), then f(p) = 0

What is the remainder theorem?

• The factor theorem is actually a special case of the more general remainder theorem
• The remainder theorem states that when the polynomial f(x) is divided by (x - a) the remainder is f(a)
  • You may see this written formally as f(x) = (x - a)Q(x) + f(a)
  • In polynomial division
    • Q(x) would be the result (at the top) of the division (the quotient)
    • f(a) would be the remainder (at the bottom)
    • (x - a) is called the divisor
  • In the case when f(a) = 0, f(x) = (x - a)Q(x) and hence (x - a) is a factor of  f(x)– the factor theorem!

How do I solve problems involving the remainder theorem?

• If it is the remainder that is of particular interest, the remainder theorem saves the need to carry out polynomial division in full
  • e.g. The remainder from  is 
  • This is because if f(x) = x²- 2x and a = 3
• If the remainder from a polynomial division is known, the remainder theorem can be used to find unknown coefficients in polynomials
  • g. The remainder from is 8 so the value of p can be found by solving , leading to 
  • In harder problems there may be more than one unknown in which case simultaneous equations would need setting up and solving
• The more general version of remainder theorem is if f(x) is divided by (ax - b) then the remainder is 
  • The shortcut is still to evaluate the polynomial at the value of x that makes the divisor (ax - b) zero but it is not necessarily an integer