Ligands (Edexcel International A Level Chemistry)

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Monodentate ligands

  • Monodentate ligands can form only one dative bond to the central metal ion 
  • This is because they have a single lone pair of electrons to form a dative bond with the metal ion
  • Examples of monodentate ligands are:
    • Water (H2O) molecules
    • Ammonia (NH3) molecules
    • Chloride (Cl) ions
    • Cyanide (CN) ions

Monodentate Ligands, downloadable AS & A Level Biology revision notes

Examples of complexes with monodentate ligands

Bidentate & Multidentate Ligands

Bidentate Ligands

  • Bidentate ligands can each form two dative bonds to the central metal ion
  • This is because each ligand contains two atoms with lone pairs of electrons
  • Examples of bidentate ligands are:
    • 1,2-diaminoethane (H2NCH2CH2NH2) which is also written as ‘en’
    • Ethanedioate ion (C2O42- ) which is sometimes written as ‘ox’

Chemistry of Transition Elements - Bidentate Ligands, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

Examples of complexes with bidentate ligands

Multidentate Ligands

  • Some ligands contain more than two atoms with lone pairs of electrons
  • These ligands can form more than two dative bonds to the and are said to be multidentate ligands
  • An example of a multidentate ligand is EDTA4-, which is a hexadentate ligand as it forms 6 dative covalent bonds to the central metal ion

Chemistry of Transition Elements - Polydentate Ligands_1, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

Example of a polydentate ligand complex

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Sonny

Author: Sonny

Expertise: Chemistry

Sonny graduated from Imperial College London with a first-class degree in Biomedical Engineering. Turning from engineering to education, he has now been a science tutor working in the UK for several years. Sonny enjoys sharing his passion for science and producing engaging educational materials that help students reach their goals.