Carboxylic Acids (Edexcel International A Level Chemistry)

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Carboxylic Acids - Physical Properties

Carboxylic acids

  • Carboxylic acid is the name given to the family of compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group, -COOH
  • The general formula of a carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COOH which can be shortened to just RCOOH
    • (In some countries, this family is also called alkanoic acid)

  • The nomenclature of carboxylic acid follows the pattern alkan + oic acid, e.g. propanoic acid
  • There is no need to use numbers in the name as the carboxyl group, COOH, is always on the number 1 carbon atom

Carboxylic Acids Examples Table

Carboxylic Acids Examples Table, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

Physical properties of carboxylic acids 

  • Carboxylic acids contain two polarised groups
    • C=O and O-H
  • This means that the intermolecular forces that carboxylic acids experience are high and they will have relatively high melting points and boiling points
  • The presence of the O-H bond means that they can exhibit hydrogen bonding
    • Not only does this contribute to the high melting and boiling points, it also contributes to the solubility in water and other polar solvents of the shorter chained carboxylic acids
  • However, solubility falls as the length of the hydrocarbon chain in the carboxylic acid increases
  • The hydrocarbon chains are forcing their way between water molecules and so breaking hydrogen bonds between those water molecules
    • Carboxylic acids with more than eight carbon atoms will be solids at room temperature and are very slightly soluble in cold water, but will be more soluble in hot water

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Richard

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Richard has taught Chemistry for over 15 years as well as working as a science tutor, examiner, content creator and author. He wasn’t the greatest at exams and only discovered how to revise in his final year at university. That knowledge made him want to help students learn how to revise, challenge them to think about what they actually know and hopefully succeed; so here he is, happily, at SME.