Oxidation Numbers - Introduction
- There are three definitions of oxidation and reduction used in different branches of chemistry
- Oxidation and reduction can be used to describe any of the following processes
Definitions and Examples of Oxidation & Reduction
Use the acronym "Oil Rig" to help you remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction
Oxidation Number
- The oxidation number of an atom is the charge that would exist on an individual atom if the bonding were completely ionic
- It is like the electronic ‘status’ of an element
- Oxidation numbers are used to
- Tell if oxidation or reduction has taken place
- Work out what has been oxidised and/or reduced
- Construct half equations and balance redox equations
Oxidation Numbers of Simple Ions
Worked example
What are the oxidation numbers of the elements in the following species?
a) C b) Fe3+ c) Fe2+
d) O2- e) He f) Al3+
Answers:
a) 0 b) +3 c) +2
d) -2 e) 0 f) +3
- So, in simple ions, the oxidation numbers of the atom is the charge on the ion:
- Na+, K+, H+ all have an oxidation number of +1
- Mg2+, Ca2+, Pb2+ all have an oxidation number of +2
- Cl–, Br–, I– all have an oxidation number of -1
- O2-, S2- all have an oxidation number of -2
Oxidation Number Rules
- A few simple rules help guide you through the process of determining the oxidation number of any element
- Remember, you are determining the oxidation number of a single atom
- The oxidation number (ox.no.) refers to a single atom in a compound
Oxidation Number Rules Table
Roman Numerals
- Transition metals are characterised by having variable oxidation numbers.
- Oxidation numbers can be used in the names of compounds to indicate which oxidation number a particular element in the compound is in
- Where the element has a variable oxidation number, the number is written afterwards in Roman numerals.
- This is called the STOCK NOTATION (after the German inorganic chemist Alfred Stock), but is not as widely used for non-metals, so SO2 is often referred to as sulfur dioxide rather than sulfur(IV) oxide
- For example, iron can be both +2 and +3 so Roman numerals are used to distinguish between them
- Fe2+ in FeO can be written as iron(II) oxide
- Fe3+ in Fe2O3 can be written as iron(III) oxide
- More complicated examples include other atoms / ions as part of the formula
- Potassium manganate(VII) implies that the manganese is in a +7 oxidation
- Potassium manganate(VII) contains the potassium ion K+ and the manganate ion MnO4–
- Since the oxygen in the manganate ion is in the -2 oxidation state, there is a total of -8 from the oxygen
- The manganate ion has an overall -1 charge, which means that the manganese ion must be in the +7 oxidation state