Polarisation (Edexcel International A Level Chemistry)

Revision Note

Test yourself
Philippa

Author

Philippa

Last updated

The Polarisation of anions & Cations

  • Theoretical lattice energies assume a perfect ionic model where the ions are 100% spherical and the attractions are purely electrostatic 
    • So overall, there has a been a complete and irreversible exchange of outer shell electrons between the two elements in the compound so that one ion is negatively charged and the other ion positively charged and the charges are whole values
  • Theoretical lattice energy can differ from measured lattice energy
  • This is because covalent character is introduced when there is polarisation of the anions
  • When this occurs, the cation attracts electrons from the anion therefore distorting electron density of the anion 

Covalent Character in ionic compounds, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notesPolarisation of anion leading to covalent character 

Cations

  • A cation with a large charge density will have a larger polarising power 
  • The charge density can be calculated as the charge of the cation divided but the surface area, for example
    • Kwill have a lower polarising power than Lias the ionic radius is greater
    • Na+ will have a lower polarising power than Mg2+ as the charge is smaller 
  • So a cation that is small and highly charged will have the greatest polarising power

Anions 

  • Anions are polarised
  • The polarisability of the anion depends of its ionic radius
  • The larger the ionic radius the more easily it will be distorted, for example
    • Br- will be more polarisable than Clas the ionic radius is larger

You've read 0 of your 10 free revision notes

Unlock more, it's free!

Join the 100,000+ Students that ❤️ Save My Exams

the (exam) results speak for themselves:

Did this page help you?

Philippa

Author: Philippa

Expertise: Chemistry

Philippa has worked as a GCSE and A level chemistry teacher and tutor for over thirteen years. She studied chemistry and sport science at Loughborough University graduating in 2007 having also completed her PGCE in science. Throughout her time as a teacher she was incharge of a boarding house for five years and coached many teams in a variety of sports. When not producing resources with the chemistry team, Philippa enjoys being active outside with her young family and is a very keen gardener.