Formulae & Mass (Edexcel International A Level Chemistry)

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Formulae - Definitions

Basic terms

  • There are basic terms that you are expected to know from your previous studies
    • Atom
      • A single particle
      • The smallest part of an element that can participate in a chemical reaction
    • Element
      • An atom or group of atoms of only one type, which can be chemically joined or not
      • A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
    • Ion
      • An atom that has become electrically charged
      • An atom (or group of atoms) that has gained or lost electrons to become a charged species
    • Molecule
      • Two or more atoms chemically joined together
    • Compound
      • A substance with two or more elements chemically joined together
    • Empirical formula
      • The smallest whole-number ratio of atoms (of each element) in a compound/molecule
    • Molecular formula
      • The actual number of atoms (of each element) in a compound/molecule

Mass - Definitions

  • The relative mass of an atom uses the carbon-12 isotope as the international standard 
  • One atom of carbon-12 has an accepted mass of 1.992646538 x 10-26 kg
  • It is not realistic to work with this value so the mass of a carbon-12 atom is fixed as exactly 12 atomic mass units / 12υ
  • The standard mass for atomic mass is 1υ
    • Therefore, the standard mass for comparison is the mass of bevelled 1 over 12 of a carbon-12 atom

Relative isotopic mass

  • Relative isotopic mass is defined as the mass of an isotope relative to bevelled 1 over 12 of a carbon-12 atom
  • For A Level Chemistry it is common to work with mass values rounded to one decimal place, for example:
  • The accurate relative isotopic mass of nitrogen is 14.00307401 but this is rounded to 14.0
  • The accurate relative isotopic mass of oxygen is 15.99491464 but this is rounded to 16.0


Relative atomic mass

  • Most elements on the Periodic Table represent a mixture of different isotopes, which is shown as their relative atomic mass (Ar
  • The relative atomic mass is the weighted mean / average mass of an atom relative to bevelled 1 over 12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom
  • We have seen previously that the symbol for the relative atomic mass is Ar
  • This is calculated from the mass number and relative abundances of all the isotopes of a particular element
  • The symbol for the relative formula mass is Mr and it refers to the total mass of the substance
    • The term relative formula mass should be used for compounds with giant structures e.g. ionic compounds such as sodium chloride
    • If the substance is molecular you can use the term relative molecular mass
  • To calculate the Mr of a substance, you have to add up the relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in the formula

Relative Formula Mass Calculations Table

Relative Formula Mass Calculations Table, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Chemistry revision notes

Examiner Tip

It is expected that you will use relative atomic mass values from the Periodic Table

  • This means that your values will be more accurate
  • e.g. potassium carbonate = (2 x 39.1) + 12.0 + (3 x 16.0) = 138.2

If you are in any doubt whether to use relative molecular mass or relative formula mass, use the latter because it applies to all compounds whether they are ionic or covalent.

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Richard

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Richard has taught Chemistry for over 15 years as well as working as a science tutor, examiner, content creator and author. He wasn’t the greatest at exams and only discovered how to revise in his final year at university. That knowledge made him want to help students learn how to revise, challenge them to think about what they actually know and hopefully succeed; so here he is, happily, at SME.