The Electron Transport Chain (Edexcel International A Level Biology)

• Oxidative phosphorylation is the last stage of aerobic respiration
  • It takes place at the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • It results in the production of many molecules of ATP and the production of water from oxygen
• The current model for oxidative phosphorylation is the chemiosmotic theory
  • The model states that energy from electrons is passed through a chain of proteins in the membrane, known as the electron transport chain
  • This energy is used to pump protons (hydrogen ions) against their concentration gradient into the intermembrane space
  • The protons are then allowed to flow by facilitated diffusion through a channel enzyme called ATP synthase into the matrix
  • The energy of the protons flowing down their concentration gradient is harnessed (a bit like water flowing through a hydroelectric damn) resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP by ATP synthase

Outline of oxidative phosphorylation

• Hydrogen atoms are donated by reduced NAD (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH₂) from the Krebs Cycle
• Hydrogen atoms split into protons (H⁺ ions) and electrons
• The high energy electrons enter the electron transport chain and release energy as they move through the electron transport chain
• The energy released is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space
• A concentration gradient of protons is established between the intermembrane space and the matrix
• The protons return to the matrix via facilitated diffusion through the channel enzyme ATP synthase
• The movement of protons down their concentration gradient provides energy for ATP synthesis
• Oxygen acts as the 'final electron acceptor' and combines with protons and electrons at the end of the electron transport chain to form water

The electron transport chain

• The electron transport chain is made up of a series of membrane proteins/ electron carriers
• They are positioned close together which allows the electrons to pass from carrier to carrier
• The inner membrane of the mitochondria is impermeable to hydrogen ions so these electron carriers are required to pump the protons across the membrane to establish the concentration gradient

Oxidative phosphorylation via the chemiosmotic theory occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane and requires NADH and FADH₂ from the Krebs Cycle. It produces water and many molecules of ATP

• Oxidative phosphorylation uses energy from reduced NAD and FAD to produce ATP
  • 3 ATP molecules for every reduced NAD molecule
  • 2 ATP molecules for every reduced FAD molecule
• For every molecule of glucose a total of 38 ATP molecules can be produced during aerobic respiration

Number of ATP Molecules Produced During Aerobic Respiration per Glucose Molecule Table