Pressure (Edexcel IGCSE Science (Double Award))

Pressure

• Pressure is defined as

  The concentration of a force or the force per unit area

• Pressure, force and area are related by the equation:

• Where:

  • P = pressure, measured in pascals (Pa)

  • F = force, measured in newtons (N)

  • A = cross-sectional area, measured in metres squared (m²)

• The cross-sectional area is the area that the force is applied at right angles to 

Pressure, force, area formula triangle

A formula triangle can help rearrange the pressure equation

• For more information on how to use a formula triangle refer to the revision note on speed

Examples of applications of pressure

• For example, when a drawing pin is pushed downwards:

  • It is pushed into the surface, rather than up towards the finger

  • This is because the sharp point is more concentrated (a small area) creating a larger pressure

Applying a force to a drawing pin

When you push a drawing pin, it goes into the surface (rather than your finger)

• Example 1: Tractors

  • Tractors have large tyres

  • This spreads the weight (force) of the tractor over a large area

  • This reduces the pressure which prevents the heavy tractor from sinking into the mud

• Example 2: Nails

  • Nails have sharp pointed ends with a very small area

  • This concentrates the force, creating a large pressure over a small area

  • This allows the nail to be hammered into a wall

• This equation for pressure tells us that

  • if a force is spread over a large area it will result in a small pressure

  • if it is spread over a small area it will result in a large pressure

The surface area of the shoe affects the pressure applied to the ground

High heels produce a higher pressure on the ground because of their smaller area, compared to flat shoes