Paper Chromatography (Oxford AQA IGCSE Combined Science Double Award)

Paper Chromatography

• Chromatography is used to separate substances and provide information to help identify them

• The components have different solubilities in a given solvent

  • E.g. Different coloured inks that have been mixed to make black ink

• A pencil line is drawn on chromatography paper and spots of the sample are placed on it

  • A pencil is used for this as ink would run into the chromatogram along with the samples

• The paper is then lowered into the solvent container, making sure that the pencil line sits above the level of the solvent so the samples don’t wash into the solvent container

• The solvent travels up the paper by capillary action, taking some of the coloured substances with it

• Different substances have different solubilities so they will travel at different rates, causing the substances to spread apart

  • Those substances with higher solubility will travel further than the others

• The solvent used is usually water but it can be other substances such as ethanol

How to carry out chromatography

R_f Values 

• These values are used to identify the components of mixtures

• The R_f value of a particular compound is always the same but it is dependent, however, on the solvent used

  • If the solvent is changed then the value changes

• The retention factor, R_f, is calculated by the equation:

R_f =  

• The R_f value is a ratio and therefore has no units and will be less than 1

Extension Tier Only

• Calculating the R_f value allows chemists to identify components in a mixture and unknown compounds

• This is achieved by comparing experimental R_f values with the R_f values of known substances under the same conditions

Stationary & Mobile Phases

• All chromatography techniques use two phases called the mobile phase and the stationary phase

• In paper chromatography:

  • The mobile phase is the solvent in which the sample molecules can move

  • In paper chromatography, this is usually water or ethanol 

  • The stationary phase in paper chromatography is the actual chromatography paper itself

• The substances which are more soluble in the solvent will travel further up the paper because they spend more time in the mobile phase and are therefore carried further up the paper than the less soluble components

Interpreting chromatograms

• We can use a chromatogram to compare the substances present in a mixture to known substances and make assumptions

  • Pure substances will produce only one spot on the chromatogram

  • If two or more substances are the same, they will produce identical chromatograms

  • If the substance is a mixture, it will separate on the paper to show all the different components as separate spots

Example chromatogram results

• We can draw several conclusions from this chromatogram:

  • The brown ink is a mixture as there are three dots

  • Red, yellow and blue are pure as there is only one dot for each 

  • The brown ink contains red, blue and yellow as the dots are in line with one another