Organic Compounds (Edexcel IGCSE Science (Double Award))

Organic compounds

What is organic chemistry

• Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds. Organic compounds are those which contain carbon

• For conventional reasons metal carbonates, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are not included in organic compounds

What is a hydrocarbon?

• A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms

Representing Organic Molecules

• Organic compounds can be represented in a number of ways:

  • Empirical Formulae

  • Molecular Formulae

  • General Formulae

  • Structural Formulae

  • Condensed Structural Formulae

Empirical formulae

The empirical formula shows the simplest possible ratio of the atoms in a molecule

• For example: Hydrogen peroxide is H₂O₂ but the empirical formula is HO

Molecular formulae

• The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule

Molecular formula of butane

The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule

General formula

• The general formula shows a ratio of atoms in a family of compounds in terms of 'n' where n is a varying whole number

  • For example, the general formula of a molecule that belong to the alkane family is C_nH_2n+2

Displayed formulae

• The displayed formulae shows the spatial arrangement of all the atoms and bonds in a molecule

• This is also known as the graphical formula

Displayed formula of 2-methylbutane

The displayed formula must show every bond in the molecule

Structural formulae

• In a structural formulae enough information is shown to make the structure clear, but most of the actual covalent bonds are omitted

• Only important bonds are always shown, such as double and triple bonds

• Identical groups can be bracketed together

• Side groups are also shown using brackets

Structural formula of pentane

The structural formula of pentane makes it clear that there are five carbon atoms in the chain and no other functional groups

Organic terminology

• Three important terms to know in this topic are homologous series, functional group and isomerism

Homologous Series

• This is a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties due to them having the same functional group

• All members of a homologous series have:

  • The same general formula

  • Same functional group

  • Similar chemical properties

  • Gradation in their physical properties

  • The difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH₂

Functional Group

• Functional group: A group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement that influences the properties of the homologous series

• Some examples are shown here

Structures and Names of Common Functional Groups

Isomerism

• Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different displayed formulae

  • Eg. propene and cyclopropane

Isomers of C₃H₆

Isomers of C₃H₆ show the same molecular formula but different structures. Isomers can show similar physical and chemical properties or if they have different functional groups, the properties can be different.