Levels of Organisation (Edexcel IGCSE Science (Double Award): Biology)

The image below shows the structure of a leaf in a green plant magnified 220 times.

For the image above:

(i) Name one type of organelle visible.

(1)

(ii) Name two types of cell visible.

(2)

(iii) Name two types of tissue present.

(2)

Explain why the leaf shown in part (a) is an example of an organ.

The leaf image in part (a) measures 6 cm from top to bottom.

Use the formula below to calculate the actual thickness of the leaf. Give your answer in mm.

The diagram below shows the structure of a ciliated epithelial cell from the airways of a mammal.

(i) Name structures P, Q and R.

(3)

(ii) State the function of one other cellular structure that is visible in the diagram.

(1)

The ciliated epithelial cell in part (a) can be found in the lining of the trachea, also known as the windpipe.

Some of the structures associated with the trachea of a mammal are shown in the diagram below.

Note that you are not expected to be familiar with all of these structures.

Use information in the diagram to complete the table below.

The diagram below shows the appearance of the lining of the trachea during an asthma attack.

An asthma attack is inflammation of the airways that occurs in response to an environmental trigger, e.g. smoke or pollen particles in the air.

Use information from part (b) and the diagram above to describe how the cells and tissues of the trachea are changed during an asthma attack.

Suggest how the changes described in part (c) would affect the function of the respiratory system.

The table below contains information about several different organ systems.

Use your knowledge of levels of organisation to complete the table.

(i) Identify the multicellular level of organisation that is missing from the table in part (a).

(1)

(ii) Name one example of the level of organisation identified in part (i) found in animals.

(1)

Another example of an organ system is the immune system.

The diagram below shows one of the cells of the immune system, known as a phagocyte. The role of a phagocyte is to engulf and digest pathogens.

(i) Name structures X and Y labelled on the phagocyte.

(2)

(ii) Organelle Z is a lysosome, a granule that contains digestive enzymes.

Suggest why phagocytes contain many lysosomes.

(1)

The phagocyte shown in (c) works together with other cells and organs in the immune system to carry out its particular function.

Describe the function of the immune system.

The image below shows the structure of a basidiocarp, the spore-producing part of a fungus.

The basidiocarp is a fungal organ.

Explain why the basidiocarp can be described as an organ.

From the diagram in part (a), identify:

(i) A tissue.

(1)

(ii) A cell.

(1)

(iii) An organelle.

(1)

The trama in part (a) is made up of thread-like structures.

Describe the thread-like structures visible in the trama.

Another fungal structure, known as a haustorium (plural haustoria) is shown in the image below.

Haustoria are feeding structures, enabling fungi to take nutrients from their surroundings.

Use the image above and your own knowledge to suggest how haustoria function.

The image below shows a single-celled organism known as Chlamydomonas.

(i) Suggest the group of organisms to which Chlamydomonas belongs.

(1)

(ii) Explain your answer to part (i).

(2)

A group of organisms closely related to Chlamydomonas, known as Volvox, forms multicellular structures. Volvox consists of a hollow ball surrounded by an outer layer of cells.

Volvox contains two types of cell:

• Somatic cells which surround the hollow ball to form an outer layer. These cells are unable to divide to produce more cells, but they have flagella which they can use for movement. Somatic cells are similar in structure to Chlamydomonas in part (a).

• Gonidia cells are large cells which are visible as denser regions within the hollow ball. These cells can divide and give rise to new Volvox.

The structure of Volvox is shown in the images below.

(i) Use the information provided to suggest why Volvox is not considered to have tissues or organs.

(2)

(ii) Volvox is thought to be a useful model for studying the evolutionary transition between single-celled and multi-cellular organisms.

Suggest why this is the case.

(2)

The group of organisms to which Chlamydomonas and Volvox belong also includes seaweeds such as kelp. 

Some of the structures in kelp can be seen in the diagram below.

Contrast the structural organisation of kelp with that of Volvox in part (b).

Kelp is a type of seaweed, a plant-like organism that gains its food by photosynthesising. Kelp grows by attaching itself to the sea bed with a structure known as a holdfast, allowing the fronds to extend towards the water's surface.

The medulla within the stipe of kelp, shown in part (c), contains cells known as hyphae which transport substances from one part of the kelp to another.

(i) Suggest why the hyphae in the medulla are crucial to the growth of the kelp.

(4)

(ii) Name one other group of organisms in which hyphae can be found.

(1)