The Life Cycle of Stars (Oxford AQA IGCSE Physics)

Revision Note

Life Cycle & Mass

  • Stars have a life-cycle which means they change over time

    • The exact stages of the life cycle are determined by the mass of the star

  • All stars start in a stellar nebula, become a protostar and then a main sequence star

  • During the main sequence

    • Hydrogen nuclei combine in nuclear fusion reactions to produce light and heat

    • Stars can maintain their energy output for millions of years because of the large amounts of hydrogen available in space

    • Once all of the hydrogen has reacted, the star moves onto the next stage in its life cycle

    • This is dependent on the mass of the star

Summary of the life cycles of stars

Two possible life cycles of a star after the main sequence
Flow diagram showing the life cycle of a star which is similar in size to the Sun and the lifecycle of a star which is much more massive than the Sun

Life Cycle of High-Mass Stars

  • After the main sequence, a larger star finishes its life cycle in the following evolutionary stages:

Red supergiant → supernova → neutron star (or black hole)

The life cycle of a high-mass star

The life cycle of larger mass stars, IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notes
The life cycle of a high-mass star

Red supergiant

  • After several million years, the hydrogen causing the fusion reactions in the star will begin to run out

  • Once this happens, the fusion reactions in the core will start to die down

  • The star will begin to fuse helium to form carbon

    • This is followed by further fusion reactions in which nitrogen and oxygen are formed

    • Heavier elements up to iron are also formed

  • This causes the outer part of the star to expand

  • As the star expands, its surface cools and it becomes a red supergiant

Supernova

  • Once the fusion reactions inside the red supergiant cannot continue, the core of the star will collapse suddenly

  • The outer layers are blown away in a gigantic explosion 

    • This is called a supernova

  • At the centre of this explosion, a dense body called a neutron star will form

  • The outer remnants of the star are ejected into space during the supernova explosion, forming new clouds of dust and gas (nebula)

    • The nebula from a supernova may form new stars with orbiting planets

      • The heaviest elements (elements heavier than iron) are formed during a supernova and are ejected into space

      • These nebulae may form new planetary systems

Neutron star (or black hole)

  • In the case of the most massive stars, the neutron star that forms at the centre will continue to collapse under the force of gravity until it forms a black hole

    • A black hole is an extremely dense point in space that not even light can escape from

Life Cycle of Low-Mass Stars

  • After the main sequence, a smaller mass star, like our Sun, finishes its life cycle in the following evolutionary stages:

Red giant → planetary nebula → white dwarf → black dwarf

The life cycle of a low-mass star

Life cycle of Solar mass stars, IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notes
The life cycle of a star that is similar to our Sun

Red giant

  • After several billion years the hydrogen causing the fusion reactions in the star will begin to run out

  • Once this happens, the fusion reactions in the core will start to die down

  • This causes the core to shrink and heat up

    • The core will shrink because the inward force due to gravity will become greater than the outward force due to the pressure of the expanding gases as the fusion dies down

  • A new series of reactions will then occur around the core, for example, helium nuclei will undergo fusion to form heavier elements, such as carbon

  • These reactions will cause the outer part of the star to expand to become a red giant 

    • It is red because the outer surface starts to cool

Planetary nebula

  • Once this second stage of fusion reactions has finished, the star will become unstable and eject the outer layer of dust and gas

    • The layer of dust and gas which is ejected is called a planetary nebula

White dwarf

  • The core which is left behind will collapse completely, due to the pull of gravity, and the star will become a white dwarf

  • The white dwarf will be cooling down and as a result, the amount of energy it emits will decrease

Black dwarf

  • Once the star has lost a significant amount of energy it becomes a black dwarf

  • It will continue to cool until it eventually disappears from sight

Worked Example

Stars can be categorised into groups based on their surface temperature and relative luminosity, as shown in the diagram below. The position of a star on the diagram is dependent on these factors.

A star with a relative luminosity of 1 emits the same amount of energy as the Sun each second.

A graph showing increasing luminosity on the y axis and decreasing surface temperature on the x axis. Alpha Centauri A sits in a band of main sequence stars . White dwarf stars are grouped  below and to the left of this. Red giant stars are found slightly above and to the right of this. Supergiant stars sit within a band at the the top of the graph which spans across most of the graph.

Alpha Centauri A is a star in the main sequence period of its life cycle and it has a similar mass to the Sun.

Using the diagram, explain what changes will occur in the temperature and luminosity of Alpha Centauri A after it moves out of its main sequence.

Answer:

Step 1: Identify the sequence of stages Alpha Centauri A will go through beyond the main sequence

  • Alpha Centauri A has a mass similar to the Sun so it will undergo the life cycle of a smaller-mass star after its main sequence

  • Red giant → planetary nebula → white dwarf → black dwarf

Step 2: Locate red giant stars on the diagram and identify the temperature change and luminosity change as Alpha Centauri A becomes a red giant

  • Red giant stars are found to the right of Alpha Centauri A on the diagram

    • The temperature of Alpha Centauri A will decrease as it changes to a red giant

  • Red giant stars are found above Alpha Centauri A on the diagram

    • The luminosity of Alpha Centauri A will increase as it changes to a red giant

Step 3: Locate white dwarf stars on the diagram and identify the temperature change and luminosity change as Alpha Centauri A changes from a red giant to a white dwarf

  • White dwarf stars are found to the left of red giant stars

    • The temperature of Alpha Centauri A will increase as it changes from a red giant to a white dwarf

  • White dwarf stars are found below red giant stars

    • The luminosity of Alpha Centauri A will decrease as it changes from a red giant to a white dwarf

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Stars can be categorised by their luminosity and surface temperature. Whilst you are not expected to know this, you may be asked to interpret graphs showing this relationship.

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