Snell's Law (Edexcel IGCSE Physics)
Revision Note
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Snell's law
The angles of incidence and refraction are related to the refractive index of a medium by an equation known as snell's Law:
Where:
n = the refractive index of the material
i = angle of incidence of the light (°)
r = angle of refraction of the light (°)
'Sin' is the trigonometric function 'sine' which is on a scientific calculator
You can revise the concept of refraction using the revision notes Reflection & refraction
A formula triangle can help rearrange the snell's law equation
Snell's law formula triangle
For more information on how to use a formula triangle refer to the revision note on Speed
Refractive index
The refractive index is a number which is related to the speed of light in the material (which is always less than the speed of light in a vacuum):
The refractive index is a number that is always larger than 1 and is different for different materials
Objects which are more optically dense have a higher refractive index, eg. n is about 2.4 for diamond
Objects which are less optically dense have a lower refractive index, eg. n is about 1.5 for glass
Since the refractive index is a ratio, it has no units
Worked Example
A ray of light enters a glass block of refractive index 1.53 making an angle of 15° with the normal before entering the block.
Calculate the angle it makes with the normal after it enters the glass block.
Answer:
Step 1: List the known quantities
Refractive index of glass, n = 1.53
Angle of incidence, i = 15°
Step 2: Write the equation for snell's law
Step 3: Rearrange the equation and calculate sin (r)
Step 4: Find the angle of refraction (r) by using the inverse sin function
Examiner Tips and Tricks
Important: in snell's law is not the same as . Incorrectly cancelling the sin terms is a common mistake!
When calculating the value of i or r start by calculating the value of sin i or sin r. You can then use the inverse sin function (sin–1 on most calculators by pressing 'shift' then 'sine') to find the angle.
One way to remember which way around i and r are in the fraction is remembering that 'i' comes before 'r' in the alphabet, and therefore is on the top of the fraction (whilst r is on the bottom).
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