IGCSEPhysicsEdexcelFlashcards5. Solids, Liquids & GasesChanges of State

Changes of State (Edexcel IGCSE Physics)

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  • What are the three different states of matter?

    The three states of matter are:

    • solid

    • liquid

    • gas

  • True or False?

    Solids are not compressible.

    True.

    Solids (and liquids) are not compressible.

  • True or False?

    Liquids have a definite shape.

    False.

    Solids have a definite shape. Liquids take the shape of their container.

  • Which state of matter has no definite shape and a fixed volume?

    Liquids have no definite shape and a fixed volume.

  • True or False?

    Gases have a definite volume.

    False.

    Solids have a definite volume. Gases have no fixed volume.

  • Which state of matter is compressible?

    Gases are the only state of matter that is compressible.

  • What are the properties of a solid?

    The properties of a solid are:

    • definite shape

    • definite volume

    • cannot flow

    • not compressible

  • What are the properties of a liquid?

    The properties of a liquid are:

    • no definite shape

    • fixed volume

    • can flow

    • not compressible

  • What are the properties of a gas?

    The properties of a gas are:

    • no definite shape

    • no fixed volume

    • can flow

    • are compressible

  • What is the name of the change of state in which a liquid changes into a solid?

    When a liquid changes into a solid, the change of state is called freezing (or solidification).

  • Which change of state involves a liquid changing into a gas?

    When a liquid changes into a gas, the change of state is called boiling.

  • True or False?

    Condensing is when a solid changes into a liquid state.

    False.

    Condensing is when a gas changes into a liquid. When a solid turns into a liquid, the change of state is called melting.

  • Which state of matter condenses into a liquid?

    Gases condense into liquids.

  • Identify the particle arrangement that represents a solid.

    Three side-by-side diagrams of circles in increasing levels of disorder: ordered grid, random spacing, and sparse random distribution within squares.

    The first particle arrangement represents a solid.

  • Identify the particle arrangement that represents a gas.

    Three side-by-side diagrams of circles in increasing levels of disorder: ordered grid, random spacing, and sparse random distribution within squares.

    The third particle arrangement represents a gas.

  • What happens when a solid is heated?

    When a solid is heated, it melts to form a liquid.

  • Define evaporation.

    Evaporation is the process by which a liquid is heated and changes to a gas when particles on the surface gain energy and move apart.

  • True or False?

    Evaporation occurs from within the liquid.

    False.

    Evaporation occurs from the surface of the liquid.

  • What is the effect of heating a system?

    The effect of heating a system will increase the energy stored within it, either raising its temperature or changing its state.

  • Define kinetic energy in the context of particles.

    Kinetic energy in the context of particles is the energy that particles possess due to their motion.

  • How does temperature relate to kinetic energy?

    The temperature of a material is related to the average kinetic energy of its molecules; higher temperature means higher average kinetic energy.

  • What does an increase in temperature cause in a system?

    An increase in temperature can cause either an increase in the system's temperature or a change of state (e.g., solid to liquid, liquid to gas).

  • State the relationship between temperature and internal energy.

    As temperature increases, the internal energy of a system also increases because the particles move faster and have more kinetic energy.

  • What is internal energy?

    Internal energy is the total energy stored within a system, including both kinetic and potential energy of the particles.

  • State how the internal energy changes from the bottom of the diagram to the top.

    Diagram of phase changes between gas, liquid, and solid. Arrows indicate the processes: sublimation, melting, evaporation, freezing, condensation, and desublimation.

    From the bottom of the diagram to the top the internal energy increases because the particles in the gas have more kinetic energy than in a solid.

    Diagram of phase changes: solid to liquid (melting), liquid to gas (evaporation), gas to liquid (condensation), liquid to solid (freezing), solid to gas (sublimation), and gas to solid (desublimation). Arrows indicate direction and increasing internal energy.

  • What is the aim of the core practical investigating changes of state?

    The aim of the core practical is to investigate how the temperature of ice varies when it changes state from a solid to a liquid.

  • True or False?

    The beaker in the core practical investigating changes of state should be half full of ice cubes.

    True.

    The beaker should be about half full of ice cubes for the experiment.

  • What is the resolution of a thermometer?

    The resolution of a thermometer is 0.1 °C.

  • Define parallax error.

    A parallax error is an error in reading an instrument due to the angle of viewing, which can be avoided by keeping the instrument at eye level.

  • What should be plotted on the y-axis of the graph for the results of the core practical investigating changes of state?

    The temperature should be plotted on the y-axis of the graph.

  • What should be plotted on the x-axis of the graph for the results of the core practical investigating changes of state?

    Time should be plotted on the x-axis of the graph.

  • What does a flat region on the temperature vs. time graph indicate for the core practical investigating changes of state?

    A flat region on the temperature vs. time graph indicates the change of state where ice is melting from solid to liquid.

  • What happens to thermal energy during a change of state?

    During a change of state, thermal energy is used to weaken the bonds between particles rather than increasing their kinetic energy.

  • What safety equipment should be worn while heating water?

    The safety equipment that should be worn while heating water is a pair of goggles.

  • True or False?

    The change in temperature of a substance that is heated depends on the mass of the substance.

    True.

    The change in temperature of a substance that is heated does depend on the mass of the substance.

  • What does the temperature increase of a system depend upon?

    The temperature increase of a system depends upon:

    • The mass of the substance heated

    • The type of material

    • The amount of thermal energy transferred to the system

  • Define the term specific heat capacity.

    The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1 °C.

  • True or False?

    A substance with a low specific heat capacity will heat up and cool down slowly.

    False.

    A substance with a low specific heat capacity will heat up and cool down quickly. It takes less energy to create a temperature change.

  • True or False?

    Different substances have different specific heat capacities.

    True.

    Different substances have different specific heat capacities.

  • State the equation for specific heat capacity.

    The equation for specific heat capacity is increment E space equals space m c increment theta

    Where:

    • increment E = change in energy, measured in joules (J)

    • m = mass, measured in kilograms (kg)

    • c = specific heat capacity, measured in joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg °C)

    • increment theta = change in temperature, measured in degrees Celsius (°C)

  • What is the equation for specific heat capacity when specific heat capacity is the subject of the equation?

    The equation for specific heat capacity when specific heat capacity is the subject of the equation is: c space equals space fraction numerator increment E over denominator m increment theta end fraction

    Where:

    • c = specific heat capacity, measured in joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg °C)

    • m = mass, measured in kilograms (kg)

    • increment theta = change in temperature, measured in degrees Celsius (°C)

    • increment E = change in energy, measured in joules (J)

  • What is the aim of the specific heat capacity core practical?

    The aim of the experiment is to determine the specific heat capacity of a solid and of water by measuring the energy required to increase the temperature by one degree.

  • True or False?

    In the specific heat capacity core practical the voltmeter is connected in series with the immersion heater.

    False.

    In the specific heat capacity core practical the voltmeter is connected in parallel with the immersion heater.

  • What does V represent in the specific heat capacity core practical?

    In the specific heat capacity core practical V represents the potential difference from the power supply.

  • How can random errors be minimised in the specific heat capacity core practical?

    Random errors in the specific heat capacity core practical can be minimised by stirring the water constantly and consistently choosing the higher value when current or voltage values fluctuate.

  • What should be plotted on the y-axis of the graph for the specific heat capacity core practical?

    For the specific heat capacity core practical the energy supplied should be plotted on the y-axis of the graph.

  • What safety precautions should be taken when conducting the specific heat capacity core practical?

    Safety precautions that should be taken during the specific heat capacity core practical include:

    • not touching the hot immersion heater

    • using a heatproof mat

    • ensuring the heater is connected to a DC supply

    • wearing goggles

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