IGCSEPhysicsCambridge (CIE)Flashcards2. Thermal PhysicsKinetic Particle Model of Matter

Kinetic Particle Model of Matter (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Physics)

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  • What are the three different states of matter?

    The three states of matter are:

    • solid

    • liquid

    • gas

  • True or False?

    Solids are not compressible.

    True.

    Solids (and liquids) are not compressible.

  • True or False?

    Liquids have a definite shape.

    False.

    Solids have a definite shape. Liquids take the shape of their container.

  • Which state of matter has no definite shape and a fixed volume?

    Liquids have no definite shape and a fixed volume.

  • True or False?

    Gases have a definite volume.

    False.

    Solids have a definite volume. Gases have no fixed volume.

  • Which state of matter is compressible?

    Gases are the only state of matter that is compressible.

  • What are the properties of a solid?

    The properties of a solid are:

    • definite shape

    • definite volume

    • cannot flow

    • not compressible

  • What are the properties of a liquid?

    The properties of a liquid are:

    • no definite shape

    • fixed volume

    • can flow

    • not compressible

  • What are the properties of a gas?

    The properties of a gas are:

    • no definite shape

    • no fixed volume

    • can flow

    • are compressible

  • Identify the particle arrangement that represents a solid.

    Three side-by-side diagrams of circles in increasing levels of disorder: ordered grid, random spacing, and sparse random distribution within squares.

    The first particle arrangement represents a solid.

  • Identify the particle arrangement that represents a gas.

    Three side-by-side diagrams of circles in increasing levels of disorder: ordered grid, random spacing, and sparse random distribution within squares.

    The third particle arrangement represents a gas.

  • In which state of matter do the particles vibrate about their fixed positions?

    The particles in solids vibrate about their fixed positions?

  • True or False?

    The particles are closer together in a gas than in a liquid.

    False.

    The particles in a gas are further apart than the particles in a liquid.

  • In which state of matter are the particles free to slide past one another?

    The particles in a liquid are free to slide past one another?

  • In which state of matter are the particles widely separated?

    The particles in a gas are widely separated.

  • In which states of matter are the particles randomly arranged?

    The particles in gases and liquids are randomly arranged.

  • True or False?

    The particles in a liquid are arranged in a regular pattern.

    False.

    The particles in a solid are arranged in a regular pattern. The particles in a liquid are randomly arranged.

  • In which state of matter do particles have the most energy? (Extended Tier Only)

    The particles in a gas have the most energy. They are energetic enough to have overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction.

  • The particles in which state of matter have the least energy? (Extended Tier Only)

    The particles in a solid have the least energy. They are not energetic enough to overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together.

  • In which state of matter do particles have enough energy to partially overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction? (Extended Tier Only)

    The particles in a liquid have enough energy to partially overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction. They have enough energy to slide over one another, but not enough to completely overcome the forces holding them together.

  • True or False?

    The amount of pressure that a gas exerts on its container is dependent on the temperature of the gas.

    True.

    The pressure exerted by a gas on its container is dependent on the temperature because the particles gain energy in their kinetic store as they are heated.

  • Define absolute zero.

    Absolute zero is the lowest temperature possible. At zero degrees kelvin (K) the particles would not be moving, and therefore would not exert any pressure.

  • What temperature is absolute zero in degrees Celsius?

    Absolute zero is –273 °C (which is 0 K).

  • True or False?

    The particles in a gas are in constant random motion at high speeds.

    True.

    The particles in a gas are in constant random motion at high speeds.

  • True or False?

    Gases moving in random thermal motion collide with the surfaces of the container and with other gas particles.

    True.

    Gases moving in random thermal motion collide with the surfaces of the container and with other gas particles.

  • What causes the pressure in a gas when it is contained?

    Pressure in a gas is caused by collisions of the gas particles with the walls of the container.

  • State the equation for pressure.

    The equation for pressure due to contact between two surfaces is P space equals fraction numerator space F over denominator A end fraction

    Where:

    • P = pressure, measured in pascals (Pa)

    • F = force, measured in newtons (N)

    • A = area, measured in metres squared (m2)

  • Define pressure. (Extended Tier Only)

    Pressure is force per unit area.

  • Define gas pressure in terms of force. (Extended Tier Only)

    Gas pressure is the force exerted by the gas particles colliding with surfaces per unit area.

  • Define Brownian motion.

    Brownian motion is the random movement of larger particles in a liquid or gas produced by large numbers of collisions with smaller particles.

  • True or False?

    Brownian motion is evidence supporting the Big Bang theory.

    False.

    Brownian motion is evidence supporting the kinetic theory of matter.

  • True or False?

    Brownian motion explains the random thermal motion of particles suspended in liquids and gases.

    True.

    Brownian motion explains the random thermal motion of particles suspended in liquids and gases.

  • When small particles such as pollen or smoke are suspended in a liquid or gas, they can be microscopically observed to be moving erratically. What is causing them to move?

    When small particles such as pollen or smoke are suspended in a liquid or gas, they can be microscopically observed to be moving erratically. This is because they collide with smaller atoms and molecules in the air or water.

  • True or False?

    When observing Brownian motion, the water or air particles in the suspension can be seen under a microscope. (Extended Tier Only)

    False.

    Water molecules, and the atoms and molecules in air, are too small to be seen under a microscope. It is because they cannot be seen when observing Brownian motion that the smoke or pollen particles appear to be moving erratically.

  • When observing pollen suspended in air, what causes the Brownian motion? (Extended Tier Only)

    The atoms and molecules in the air collide with the pollen particles. The atoms and molecules are too small to be seen by the microscope, so the pollen particles appear to be moving erratically.

  • True or False?

    It is possible to have negative values of temperature in degrees kelvin.

    False.

    It is not possible to have negative values of temperature in degrees kelvin. 0 K is absolute zero, the lowest possible temperature.

  • True or False?

    10 °C = 283 K

    True.

    0 °C = 273 K, and an increase of 1 °C is equal to an increase in 1 K. Therefore, 10 °C = 283 K

  • If the temperature of a gas remains constant, what happens to the pressure when the volume is decreased?

    If the temperature of a gas remains constant, the pressure increases when the volume is decreased.

  • If the temperature of a gas in a balloon remains constant, what happens to the volume when the pressure is decreased?

    If the temperature of a gas in a balloon remains constant, the volume increases when the pressure is decreased.

  • If the volume of a gas remains constant, what happens to the pressure when the temperature is increased?

    If the volume of a gas remains constant, the pressure increases when the temperature is increased.

  • True or False?

    The hotter the gas, the more energy the gas particles have in their kinetic store.

    True.

    The hotter the gas, the more energy the gas particles have in their kinetic store.

  • True or False?

    The cooler a gas is, the faster the gas particles move around.

    False.

    The cooler a gas is, the slower the gas particles move around, because they have less energy in their kinetic store.

  • Define Boyle's law. (Extended Tier Only)

    Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to its volume.

  • State the equation for Boyle's law. (Extended Tier Only)

    The equation for Boyle's law is P subscript 1 V subscript 1 space equals space P subscript 2 V subscript 2

    Where:

    • P subscript 1 = initial pressure, measured in pascals (Pa)

    • P subscript 2 = final pressure, measured in pascals (Pa)

    • V subscript 1 = initial volume, measured in metres cubed (m3)

    • V subscript 2 = final volume, measured in metres cubed (m3)

  • What is the equation for Boyle's law in terms of final volume? (Extended Tier Only)

    The equation for Boyle's law in terms of final volume is V subscript 2 space equals fraction numerator space P subscript 1 V subscript 1 over denominator P subscript 2 end fraction

    Where:

    • V subscript 2 = final volume, measured in metres cubed (m3)

    • P subscript 1 = initial pressure, measured in pascals (Pa)

    • P subscript 2 = final pressure, measured in pascals (Pa)

    • V subscript 1 = initial volume, measured in metres cubed (m3)

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1. Motion, Forces & Energy
2. Thermal Physics
3. Waves
4. Electricity & Magnetism
5. Nuclear Physics
6. Space Physics