Probability Diagrams (Tree & Venn Diagrams) (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Maths)

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    True or False?

    A two-way table is used to compare two types of characteristics.

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  • True or False?

    A two-way table is used to compare two types of characteristics.

    True.

    A two-way table is used to compare two types of characteristics.

    E.g. school year group and favourite genre of movie.

  • How do you construct a two-way table from information given in words?

    1. Identify the two characteristics, e.g. favourite colours, gender

    2. Use rows for one characteristic and columns for the other

    3. Add an extra row and column for marginal totals

    Red

    Blue

    Yellow

    Total

    Male

    Female

    Total

  • True or false?

    The numbers needed to complete a two-way table will always be given explicitly in a question.

    False.

    When completing a two-way table, some values can be filled in directly from the question information, but some values will need to be worked out.

    E.g. you may need to subtract other values in a row from the row total to find a missing value.

  • How can you double-check your answers when completing a two-way table?

    You can double-check your answers when completing a two-way table by making sure that all row and column totals add up correctly, and that they match the grand total.

  • How can the probability of an event occurring be worked out from a two-way table?

    E.g. what is the probability that a randomly selected student's favourite subject is Physics?

    Biology

    Physics

    Chemistry

    Total

    Year 7

    12

    8

    10

    30

    Year 8

    8

    13

    6

    27

    Total

    20

    21

    16

    57

    The probability of a particular event occurring can be worked out by finding the number of successes by the total number.

    E.g. the probability that a student's favourite subject is Physics is 21 over 57.

    Biology

    Physics

    Chemistry

    Total

    Year 7

    12

    8

    10

    30

    Year 8

    8

    13

    6

    27

    Total

    20

    21

    16

    57

  • Describe how to find straight P open parentheses A close parentheses from a Venn diagram that shows sets A and B.

    E.g. find straight P open parentheses A close parentheses from the Venn diagram.

    Venn diagram with sets A and B. Set A only has 8, the intersection of sets A and B has 2 and set B only has 15. Within the universal set, U, but outside both sets A and B is 7.

    straight P open parentheses A close parentheses is the probability of being in set A.

    This is the number inside the full circle of set A divided by the total number of the whole Venn diagram, e.g. straight P open parentheses A close parentheses equals fraction numerator 8 plus 2 over denominator 8 plus 2 plus 15 plus 7 end fraction equals 10 over 32.

    Venn diagram with two intersecting circles labelled A and B. Set A only contains 8 the intersection contains 2 and set B only contains 15. The number 7 lies within the universal set, U, but outside both sets A and B. The whole of set A is highlighted green.
  • Describe how to find straight P open parentheses A intersection B close parentheses from a Venn diagram that shows sets A and B.

    E.g. find straight P open parentheses A intersection B close parentheses from the Venn diagram.

    Venn diagram with sets A and B. Set A only has 8, the intersection of sets A and B has 2 and set B only has 15. Within the universal set, U, but outside both sets A and B is 7.

    straight P open parentheses A intersection B close parentheses is the probability of being in the intersection of set A and set B.

    This is the value inside the overlapping region of set A and set B divided by the total number of the whole Venn diagram, e.g. straight P open parentheses A intersection B close parentheses equals fraction numerator 2 over denominator 8 plus 2 plus 15 plus 7 end fraction equals 2 over 32.

    Venn diagram with two intersecting circles labelled A and B. Set A only contains 8 the intersection contains 2 and set B only contains 15. The number 7 lies within the universal set, U, but outside both sets A and B. The intersection of set A and B is highlighted.
  • True or False?

    If A and B are mutually exclusive, then straight P open parentheses A intersection B close parentheses equals 0.

    True.

    If A and B are mutually exclusive, then straight P open parentheses A intersection B close parentheses equals 0.

    On a Venn diagram, if A and B are mutually exclusive then their circles do not overlap (they cannot both happen at the same time).

    This makes being in the intersection impossible, so straight P open parentheses A intersection B close parentheses equals 0.

  • True or False?

    To find straight P open parentheses A union B close parentheses you need to double-count the numbers in the intersection (overlap) as they occur twice.

    False.

    To find straight P open parentheses A union B close parentheses you do not double-count the numbers in the intersection A intersection B, you just count them once.

  • Describe which region on a Venn diagram is required to calculate straight P open parentheses A intersection B intersection C close parentheses.

    E.g. find straight P open parentheses A intersection B intersection C close parentheses from the Venn diagram.

    Venn diagram with three overlapping circles labelLed A, B, and C. Regions contain numbers 5, 2, 11, 6, 3, 1, 9, and 8. U is the universal set.

    The region required to calculate straight P open parentheses A intersection B intersection C close parentheses is the one that is the overlap of all three sets A, B and C. E.g. straight P open parentheses A intersection B intersection C close parentheses equals fraction numerator 3 over denominator 5 plus 2 plus 11 plus 6 plus 3 plus 1 plus 9 plus 8 end fraction equals 3 over 45.

    Venn diagram with three circles labelled A, B, and C. Numbers inside segments: A-5, B-11, C-9, AB-2, AC-6, BC-1, ABC-3. Inside the universal set but outside sets A, B and C is the number 8. The intersection between all three circles is highlighted.
  • True or False?

    On a Venn diagram showing sets A and B, the region required to calculate straight P open parentheses A apostrophe close parentheses is the part of set B that does not overlap A.

    False.

    On a Venn diagram showing sets A and B, the region required to calculate straight P open parentheses A apostrophe close parentheses is anything that is outside the circle of A, e.g.

    Venn diagram with two intersecting circles labelled A and B. Set A only contains 8 the intersection contains 2 and set B only contains 15. The number 7 lies within the universal set, U, but outside both sets A and B. The whole of the universal set, except for set A, is highlighted green.
  • On a Venn diagram showing sets A and B, explain how to calculate straight P open parentheses A vertical line B close parentheses.

    E.g. find straight P open parentheses A vertical line B close parentheses from the Venn diagram.

    Venn diagram with sets A and B. Set A only has 8, the intersection of sets A and B has 2 and set B only has 15. Within the universal set, U, but outside both sets A and B is 7.

    straight P open parentheses A vertical line B close parentheses is a conditional probability meaning the probability of being in A, given that you are in B. Therefore the probability is out of set B only.

    The only part of set A in set B is A intersection B, so divide the number in A intersection B by the total number in B, e.g. straight P open parentheses A vertical line B close parentheses equals fraction numerator 2 over denominator 2 plus 15 end fraction equals 2 over 17.

    Venn diagram with two intersecting circles labelled A and B. Set A only contains 8 the intersection contains 2 and set B only contains 15. The number 7 lies within the universal set, U, but outside both sets A and B. Set B is highlighted as is the section of set A that lies within set B.
  • True or False?

    To find the probability of A and B using a probability tree diagram, you add the probabilities on the branches for A and B.

    False.

    To find the probability of A and B using a probability tree diagram, you do not add the probabilities on the branches for A and B.

    To find the probability of A and B, you multiply along the branches.

  • True or False?

    The probabilities on all of the branches in a probability tree diagram should add up to 1.

    False.

    The probabilities on all of the branches in a probability tree diagram should not add up to 1.

    The probabilities on any set of branches (usually a pair) should add up to 1.

  • True or False?

    The sum of the probabilities of all of the final outcomes on a probability tree diagram should be equal to 1.

    True.

    The sum of the probabilities of all of the final outcomes on a probability tree diagram should be equal to 1.

  • A tree diagram is used to represent two events, A and B, where each event has three possible outcomes, 1, 2 and 3.

    How many possible final outcomes are there?

    For a tree diagram used to represent two events, where each events has three possible outcomes, there are nine possible final outcomes (32 = 9).

    Tree diagram displaying events A and B. Each event has three outcomes, 1, 2 and 3. These lead to 9 final outcomes: 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32 and 33.
  • A tree diagram is used to represent three tennis matches, where each event has two possible outcomes: player A winning or player B winning.

    How many possible final outcomes are there?

    A tree diagram is used to represent three tennis matches, where each event has two possible outcomes: player A winning or player B winning.

    There are eight possible final outcomes (23 = 8).

    The eight outcomes are AAA, AAB, ABA, ABB, BAA, BAB, BBA, BBB.

    Tree diagram displaying events 1, 2 and 3. Each event has two outcomes, A and B. These lead to 8 final outcomes: AAA, AAB, ABA, ABB, BAA, BAB, BBA and BBB.
  • What does AND mean for combined probabilities?

    AND means multiply (cross times) and is used for independent events to find the probability of both events occurring.

    E.g. the probability of events A and B occurring is straight P open parentheses A close parentheses cross times straight P open parentheses B close parentheses.

  • What does OR mean for combined probabilities?

    OR means add (+) and is used for mutually exclusive events to find the probability of one event or the other event occurring.

    E.g. the probability of either event A and/or event B occurring is straight P open parentheses A close parentheses plus straight P open parentheses B close parentheses.

  • True or False?

    The sum of all probabilities is 1.

    True.

    As long as the possibilities considered are all mutually exclusive (non-overlapping), then the sum of all probabilities is 1.

  • State the equation for the probability of two independent events, A and B, occurring together.

    If A and B are independent events, then the probability of both events occurring is:

    straight P open parentheses A space and space B close parentheses equals straight P open parentheses A close parentheses cross times straight P open parentheses B close parentheses.

  • State the equation for the probability of one or the other of two mutually exclusive events, A and B, occurring.

    If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then the probability of one or the other of them occurring is:

    straight P open parentheses A space or space B close parentheses equals straight P open parentheses A close parentheses plus straight P open parentheses B close parentheses.