Solidarity in Poland & the Decline of Soviet Influence (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE History)

Revision Note

Zoe Wade

Written by: Zoe Wade

Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett

Reasons Why Poland Resisted Communist Rule

A concept map showing why Poland did not accept Communism and Soviet rule
A concept map showing why Poland did not accept Communism and Soviet rule

Who were Solidarity?

  • By the late 1970s, Poland’s economy was struggling

    • Poland's industry was old-fashioned due to a lack of funding

    • The Polish government hid the extent that the economy was failing

    • Workers’ wages were much higher than the workers’ productivity

  • In 1980, the government attempted to fix the economy by:

    • Increasing the prices of consumer goods

    • Decreasing workers’ wages

  • The government’s measures resulted in:

    • Popular protest

    • Widespread strikes

      • The strike at Lenin Gdansk Shipyard on 14th August 1980 led to the creation of Solidarity

      • Solidarity was a trade union that developed into a protest movement

An illustration showing the leadership and some of Solidarity’s demands
An illustration showing the leadership and some of Solidarity’s demands
  • On 30th August 1980, through negotiation, the government agreed to Solidarity’s demands

    • There were 21 demands in total

A photograph showing Lech Walesa speaking at the Lenin Gdansk Shipyard’s gate during the strike of August 1980
A photograph showing Lech Walesa speaking at the Lenin Gdansk Shipyard’s gate during the strike of August 1980
A photograph showing the number of striking workers at the Lenin Gdansk Shipyard in August 1980
A photograph showing the number of striking workers at the Lenin Gdansk Shipyard in August 1980

Strengths of Solidarity

Strength of Solidarity

Explanation

Public support

By September 1980, Solidarity had three million members. By 1981, over 30% of Polish workers were members, including one million from the Communist Party. The government could not ignore this amount of people

Organisation

Solidarity had a professional structure. It had a newspaper called Solidarnosc. Walesa was a popular and charismatic leader

Type of protest

Walesa did not authorise the use of violent protest. This meant that the USSR was less likely to intervene militarily as they had done in Hungary and Czechoslovakia

Popularity across industries

Solidarity had members across all areas of Polish industry. If Walesa called for a general strike, it could cause significant disruption in Poland

Attention from the West

Solidarity’s work was well-reported in the West. This gave widespread support for the movement. It also meant that the USSR were cautious about how to deal with Solidarity

Martial Law in Poland

A flow diagram showing the events that led to martial law in Poland
A flow diagram showing the events that led to martial law in Poland

What Helped the Polish Government to Implement Martial Law?

  • Solidarity was fractured

    • The Communist government had encouraged factions to form within Solidarity

    • People began to argue over key policies and aims of the movement

  • The government implemented martial law because they had the support of the USSR

    • Brezhnev could not allow Solidarity to weaken Poland

      • The USSR relied on Poland for its metallurgy

      • Reforms would push Poland away from the USSR

    • Brezhnev needed Poland to conform to the Warsaw Pact

      • A government under Solidarity would want more freedom from the USSR

      • It may want to withdraw Poland from the Warsaw Pact

A photograph showing the Polish Motorized Reserves of the Citizens' Militia (ZOMO) in action during martial law in Poland
A photograph showing the Polish Motorized Reserves of the Citizens' Militia (ZOMO) in action during martial law in Poland
A photograph showing disorder in Poland during martial law
A photograph showing disorder in Poland during martial law

How Did Solidarity Show the Decline of Soviet Influence?

  • The actions of Solidarity showed that by the 1980s:

    • Millions of people were willing to stand up against the Communist government

    • The people openly expressed their desire for a better standard of living

    • Communist leaders continued to be:

      • Corrupt

      • Resistant to reform

Examiner Tips and Tricks

In your revision, it is helpful to consider the ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors behind certain events. ‘Push’ factors are events or motivations for someone to act. The Polish government were corrupt and did not want to reform. This ‘pushed’ people to support Solidarity and demand a better quality of life. ‘Pull’ factors are benefits from performing an action. If Solidarity gained power, Polish people hoped that they would improve the economy and introduce more freedoms. This ‘pulled’ millions of people to support Solidarity. Considering the ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors will help you to explain why Solidarity showed a decline in Soviet influence.

Worked Example

Describe the activities of ‘Solidarity’ in Poland during the 1980s

4 marks

Answers:

It organised strikes at the Gdansk shipyard in 1980 (1). It made 21 demands to improve living and working conditions in Poland (1). It won the support for its demands, having 3 million members (1). It produced its own newspaper called Solidarnosc (1).

Examiner Tips and Tricks

This question in Paper One requires you to state information you know about the Solidarity in Poland. The Cambridge IGCSE gives you a point for each relevant piece of information that you write. Therefore, do not spend any additional time trying to describe or explain each reason. 

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Zoe Wade

Author: Zoe Wade

Expertise: History

Zoe has worked in education for 10 years as a teaching assistant and a teacher. This has given her an in-depth perspective on how to support all learners to achieve to the best of their ability. She has been the Lead of Key Stage 4 History, showing her expertise in the Edexcel GCSE syllabus and how best to revise. Ever since she was a child, Zoe has been passionate about history. She believes now, more than ever, the study of history is vital to explaining the ever-changing world around us. Zoe’s focus is to create accessible content that breaks down key historical concepts and themes to achieve GCSE success.

Bridgette Barrett

Author: Bridgette Barrett

Expertise: Geography Lead

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 25 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.