Coasts (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography)

Figure 3.1

Study Fig. 3.1, which is a photograph of a coastal area in Spain.

(i)

What coastal landform is marked by an X in Fig. 3.1?

[1]

(ii)

Describe two characteristics of coastal landform X.

[2]

(iii)

Explain how the natural arch, marked Y in Fig. 3.1, was formed by coastal erosion.

[3]

(iv)

Suggest reasons why the coastline shown in Fig. 3.1 is not straight.

[4]

Study Fig. 3.2, a map of Tobago, in the Caribbean, which shows coral reefs.

Describe the distribution of coral reefs shown in Fig. 3.2.

Study Fig. 3.1, which is a map showing the location of coral reefs around Martinique (an LEDC in the Caribbean).

(i)

What is the length of Martinique from X to Y? ...................................................... km

[1]

(ii)

Describe the distribution of coral reefs shown in Fig. 3.1.

[2]

(iii)

Describe three conditions required for the growth of coral reefs.

[3]

Study Fig. 3.2, which is a photograph showing an area of coastline in the northwest of England.

Describe and suggest reasons for the variation in beach material in the bay.

Study Photograph 3.1, which shows a beach where coastal deposition is taking place.

(i)

What is meant by coastal deposition?

[1]

(ii)

The waves shown on Photograph 3.1 are constructive waves. Describe two characteristics of constructive waves.

[2]

(iii)

Use the labelling on Photograph 3.1 to explain how longshore drift occurs.

[3]

(iv)

Spits are formed by longshore drift.

Describe the main features of a spit.

[4]

Study Photograph 3.2 (below), which shows an area where coastal erosion is taking place.

Give three pieces of evidence that coastal erosion has occurred in the area shown by Photograph 3.2.

Study Fig. 3.1 (below), which is a photograph showing an area where coastal erosion has taken place.

(i)

Give one piece of evidence from Fig. 3.1 that the cliff has been eroded.

[1]

(ii)

Explain how hydraulic action is likely to have eroded the cliff shown in Fig. 3.1.

[2]

(iii)

Name one other process of coastal erosion. Explain how it is likely to have eroded the cliff shown in Fig. 3.1.

Process of coastal erosion ............................

Explanation ...........................

[3]

(iv)

Managed retreat is a strategy where the coast is allowed to erode.

Suggest reasons why the authorities decided to allow managed retreat to occur along the section of coastline shown in Fig. 3.1 rather than protecting it from erosion.

[4]

Study Fig. 3.2 (below), which is a photograph showing an area of mangroves.

Describe three characteristics of the mangroves shown in Fig. 3.2.

Study Fig. 4.1, which shows information about beaches at a coastal area in Norfolk, UK.

(i)

Complete Fig. 4.1 to show the following information:

Beach A has 50% shingle and 50% pebbles next to the cliff.                         

 [1]

(ii)

Compare the material of Beach A and Beach B.

 [3]

(iii)

Identify two differences between the cross sections of Beach A and Beach B.

1 ....................................................................................................... 2 ......................................................................................................

[2]

(iv)

Explain why beaches consist of different materials.

 [4]

Study Fig. 4.1, which shows Golden Bay on New Zealand’s South Island.

Fig.4.1

(i)

Which type of coastal landform is labelled X?

[1]

(ii)

What is the distance (measured in a straight line) and the direction from Onekaka to the eastern end of coastal landform X?

Distance ................................................................. km
Direction .......................................................................

[2]

(iii)

Suggest how coastal landform X was formed by coastal processes.

[3]

Study Figs. 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 (Insert), which are photographs which show different features formed on a headland. 

Fig.4.2

Fig.4.3

Fig.4.4

Identify the coastal landform shown by the arrows in each of Figs. 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4.

Fig. 4.2 .......................................................................................

Fig. 4.3 .......................................................................................

Fig. 4.4 .......................................................................................