Earthquakes & Volcanoes (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography)

The strongest earthquake in history was at Bio-Bio in Chile, in 1960, with a magnitude of 9.5. The location of Bio-Bio is shown in Fig. 3.1.

What type of plate margin is close to Bio-Bio? Tick one box below.

Explain what can be done to reduce the impacts of earthquakes.

Fig. 5.1 (below) shows Teide, an active volcano in the Canary Islands.

Figure 5.1

Give three opportunities that volcanoes like Teide offer to people.

Table 4.1 gives the definitions of some terms used in the study of earthquakes.

Table 4.1

For each of the following terms give the letter for the correct definition from Table 4.1:

(i)

focus        Letter .........................

[1]

(ii)

epicentre.       Letter .........................

[1]

Fig. 4.1 gives information about a series of earthquakes which occurred in New Zealand in November 2016.

Table 4.2 describes the effects of different earthquake intensities (strengths).

Table 4.2

(i)

Using Fig. 4.1 and Table 4.2, describe the effects of the earthquakes on the buildings in Nelson.

[1]

(ii)

Using Fig. 4.1 and Table 4.2, explain why the earthquakes caused loss of life near Kaikoura but not in Wellington.

[2]

Fig. 4.1 gives information about a series of earthquakes which occurred in New Zealand in November 2016.

Fig. 4.1 shows a tsunami which first appeared near Kaikoura.

(i)

How long did it take the tsunami to reach Wellington from Kaikoura?

.....................minutes

[1]

(ii)

What is the distance from Kaikoura to Wellington?

.................... km

[1]

(iii)

Calculate the speed of the tsunami between Kaikoura and Wellington.

.................... km per minute

[1]

Table 5.1 gives information about the most powerful earthquake in each year between 2003 and 2012.

Table 5.1

Table 5.2 describes the depth of earthquake foci.

Table 5.2

Using Tables 5.1 and 5.2, describe the depth of foci of the ten earthquakes shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 gives information about the most powerful earthquake in each year between 2003 and 2012.

Table 5.1

(i)

Describe the variation in the number of deaths caused by the earthquakes shown in Table 5.1.

[1]

(ii)

Suggest two reasons for this variation

[2]

Study Fig. 4.1, which gives information about a research centre called the Lava Centre in Iceland.

Fig. 4.1

Use information from Fig. 4.1 to answer the following:

(i)

How long ago did Katla have a large eruption?

....................................... years

[1]

(ii)

Using Fig. 4.1 only, identify two hazards caused by the eruption of Katla.

1 ......................................................

2 ......................................................

[2]

Suggest two ways that can be used to predict when a volcanic eruption is likely to occur.

1 .................................................

2 .................................................

Study Fig. 4.2, which gives information about Iceland and its volcanoes.

Fig. 4.2

Using Fig. 4.2, explain why Iceland has volcanic eruptions.