Urban Settlements (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography)

Exam Questions

4 hours40 questions
12 marks

Students were studying land use in cities.

They learned that there are parts of a city where one land use is dominant and covers most of the area, and this is called a 'land use zone'.

They did fieldwork to investigate land use in their local city.

To collect fieldwork data the students were divided into six groups. Each group went from the city centre outwards along main roads which were used as transect lines.

Suggest two reasons why the teacher split the class into groups.

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23 marks

Fig. 2.1 (below) shows the categories of land use which the students used along with examples of different types of land use.

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2 Categories of land use

Land use category

Example of land use

Residential

terraced house, detached house, bungalow

Industrial

manufacturing, mining, assembly factory

Commercial (shops)

food, take-away, furniture, market, specialist goods

Entertainment

hotel, sports centre, theatre, cinema

Public buildings

college, hospital, place of worship, police station

Open space

farmland, park, unused land, sports field

Transport

bus station, car park, railway station

Services (offices)

financial, business, dentist, doctor, estate agent

Complete the table below by putting the types of land use into the correct land use category.
One example has been completed for you.

Type of land use

Land use category

department store

commercial

concert venue

 

apartment

 

library

 

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32 marks

An example of the students’ completed recording sheet along one section of a transect (201–400m) is shown in Fig. 2.2 (below). Use these results to complete the tally chart, Fig. 2.3 below, which the students used to count the examples in the different land use categories.

fig-2-2-q2-0460-s20-insert-41

Tally chart

Section of transect: 201–400 metres

Land use category

Tally

Number

Residential

////

4

Industrial

 

0

Commercial (shops)

 

 

Entertainment

 

 

Public buildings

 

 

Open space

 

 

Transport

 

 

Services (offices)

 

 

 

 

 

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48 marks

Charity workers were doing research into differences in the health of families in Chennai, a city in India. They worked in two densely populated areas of the city which are both shown in Fig. 1.1 (below). One was an area of unplanned housing (squatter settlement) and the other was another area of poor quality housing which was planned and permanent.

fig-1-1-q1-0460-s20-insert-42
fig-1-1-q1-2-0460-s20-insert-42

The researchers wanted to find out if the following hypotheses were correct:

Hypothesis 1: Diseases were more common in the area of unplanned housing than in the area of permanent housing.

Hypothesis 2: Most residents in both areas used government health facilities.

To investigate the two hypotheses the researchers used a questionnaire with a representative sample of people who lived in each area. The sample size (number of people who answered the questionnaire) was 100 in each area.

(i)

Why did the researchers need to use a sample of people?

[1]

(ii)

Information which is collected using a questionnaire is known as ‘primary data’. What does ‘primary data’ mean?

[1]

(iii)

The following is a poor sampling method which may have been used to get a representative sample of people to answer the questionnaire.

‘Give the questionnaire to all mothers who the researchers met outside the local school.’ Explain why this is a poor method to obtain a representative sample.

[3]

(iv)

Describe a good sampling method which the researchers could use to choose a representative sample of people to answer the questionnaire. Explain why this would be a good method to use.

 [3]

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55 marks

Hypothesis 1: Diseases were more common in the area of unplanned housing than in the area of permanent housing.

Hypothesis 2: Most residents in both areas used government health facilities.

The results of Question 2 in the questionnaire are shown in Table 1.2 (below).

table-1-2-q2-0460-s20-insert-42

(i)

Use the results to complete the pie graph for the permanent housing area in Fig. 1.4 below.

[2]

q1c-0460-s20-qp-42

(ii)

The researchers agreed a conclusion that Hypothesis 2 'Most residents in both areas used government health facilities' was incorrect.

Support this decision with evidence from Fig. 1.4 and Table 1.2.

[3]

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64 marks

(i)

The results which the researchers obtained for Question 2 (Which one of the following do you go to for treatment of an illness?) were unexpected. One of the researchers suggested that they should have used the questionnaire in a pilot study before doing the main research. How might this have helped?

 [2]

(ii)

The researchers returned to the two areas of the city (an area of unplanned housing (squatter settlement) and another area of poor-quality housing which was planned and permanent.)

They asked people to answer another question: ‘What is the main reason you chose not to use government health facilities?’

The answers which people gave are shown in Table 1.3 (below).

Table 1.3

table-1-3-0460-s20-insert-42

Complete the graph, Fig. 1.5 (below), to show the answers given by people in the unplanned housing area.

q1d-ii-0460-s20-qp-42

[2]

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71 mark

A class of students did fieldwork in their town. They wanted to find out where the boundary of the CBD was located. They had learned in class that this is known as ‘delimiting’ the CBD. They discussed with their teacher several fieldwork methods they could use to delimit the CBD. One group of students also investigated the quality of shops in and around the CBD.

What does CBD stand for?

C ....................... B ....................... D .......................  

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82 marks

To collect data about the height of buildings the students selected five buildings at each of the pedestrian count sites. They then counted the number of storeys of each building and calculated an average.

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of this method of working out the height of buildings.

Advantage ...................................................................
Disadvantage ...................................................................

q1-1biii-11-0460-42-2019-163895

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93 marks

The students marked on a map of the town two examples of traffic restrictions (controls) which they saw. These were a pedestrianised area and an area where there was restricted vehicle access.

Give three other examples of traffic restrictions they could have recorded:

   1 .....................................................

   2 .....................................................

   3 .....................................................

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102 marks

Having completed their data collection for Hypothesis 1 'Different methods of delimiting the CBD produce the same result',  the students decided to use the following criteria to delimit the area of the CBD:    

• more than 300 pedestrians
• buildings which are 3 or more storeys high
• any traffic restrictions

Using these criteria, the students located possible boundaries of the CBD. These are shown on Fig. 1.2 (below).

fig-1-2-q1-11-0460-42-2019-163896

Fig 1.2

The students decided that Hypothesis 1: Different methods of delimiting the CBD produce the same result, was false.
Give two pieces of evidence from Fig. 1.2 to support this decision.

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113 marks

After they completed their fieldwork the students discussed with their teacher how the CBD of a town changes over time. Suggest three ways that a CBD might change.

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14 marks

To investigate land use in a local city.
To collect fieldwork data, students were divided into six groups.  Each group went from the city centre outwards, along main roads, which were used as transect lines.

Along each transect line the students used a systematic sampling method to select locations to record the land use.

Their teacher told the students to:

  • record the land use every 10 metres

  • only record the ground floor land use

  • only record the land use on one side of the road.

Give two advantages and two disadvantages of this method.

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215 marks

When they had completed their fieldwork, the students returned to school and added up the results from all transects. They used these results to draw the divided bar graphs shown in Fig. 2.4 (below).

fig-2-4-q2-0460-s20-insert-41

(i)

Which distance from the city centre is shown in Table 2.1 below? ............................. metres

[1]

Table 2.1

Land use category

Percentage

Residential

65

Industrial

10

Commercial (shops)

5

Entertainment

5

Public buildings

0

Open space

5

Transport

5

Services (offices)

5

(ii)

What percentage of the total land use is residential between 1001 and 1200m from the city centre?

[1]

(iii)

Describe two differences between the land use in sections 0 to 200m and 1801 to 2000m away from the city centre. Do not use statistics in your answer.

 [2]

(iv)

The students made the conclusion that Hypothesis 1: Residential land use is dominant (covers most of the land area) at all distances away from the city centre is false. Support this decision with evidence from Fig. 2.4 (Insert).

 [3]

(v)

Suggest why the land use changes as distance from the city centre increases.

 [4]

(vi)

What is the correct conclusion to Hypothesis 2: The percentage of commercial land use decreases as distance from the city centre increases? Tick (3) your choice below and support your decision with evidence from Fig. 2.4.

 

Tick (✓)

Hypothesis is true

 

Hypothesis is partly true

 

Hypothesis is false

 

 [4]

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34 marks

One student wanted to extend his study by investigating if the quality of the environment varied along his transect. Describe a method he could use to do this.

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45 marks

The questionnaire is shown in Fig. 1.2 (below). The results of Question 1 in the questionnaire are shown in Table 1.1 (below).

fig-1-2-q1-0460-s20-insert-42

Fig 1.2

table-1-1-q1-0460-s20-insert-42

Table 1.1

(i)

Plot the results for typhoid in the unplanned housing area in Fig. 1.3 below.

q1b-0460-s20-qp-42

[1]

(ii)

What conclusion would the researchers make about Hypothesis 1: Diseases were more common in the area of unplanned housing than in the area of permanent housing? What evidence in Fig. 1.3 and Table 1.1 supports their conclusion?

[4]

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54 marks

Charity workers were doing research into differences in the health of families in Chennai, a city in India. They worked in two densely populated areas of the city. One was an area of unplanned housing (squatter settlement) and the other was another area of poor-quality housing which was planned and permanent.

table-1-2-q2-0460-s20-insert-42

Suggest how the health of residents in poorer areas of the city could be improved.

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64 marks

Charity workers were doing research into differences in the health of families in Chennai, a city in India. They worked in two densely populated areas of the city. One was an area of unplanned housing (squatter settlement) and the other was another area of poor-quality housing which was planned and permanent. Researchers used a questionnaire with a representative sample of people who lived in each area. The sample size (number of people who answered the questionnaire) was 100 in each area.

The researchers wanted to extend their study by investigating housing conditions in the two areas. Describe how they could collect information about housing conditions. Do not include a questionnaire in your answer

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79 marks

The students used the following methods to test Hypothesis 1:
• pedestrian counts
• survey of building heights
• survey of traffic restrictions (controls)

(i)

The students did pedestrian counts at 30 sites around the town centre. In the space below, draw a recording sheet the students could have used at each site.

[3]

(ii)

Describe an appropriate method to ensure the students obtained reliable results from the pedestrian count.

[4]

The results of the pedestrian count are shown in Fig. 1.1 below. Isolines have been drawn on the map to show the variation in the number of pedestrians.

(iii)

On Fig. 1.1, complete the isoline that shows 200 pedestrians.

[2]

q1-1biii-11-0460-42-2019-163895

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83 marks

A class of students did fieldwork in their town. They wanted to find out where the boundary of the CBD was located. They had learned in class that this is known as ‘delimiting’ the CBD. They discussed with their teacher several fieldwork methods they could use to delimit the CBD. 

A group of students chose a fieldwork method to delimit a CBD. They drew a land use map of the town centre and using this map they decided where the boundary of the CBD was. Describe how they would carry out these tasks.

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97 marks

To investigate Hypothesis 2: The shopping environment in and around the CBD varies, the students did a survey using the shopping environment index shown in Fig. 1.3 (below).

fig--1-3-nov-19-42-1g

(i)

The results of the survey are shown in Table 1.1 (below).

Table 1.1

Results of shopping environment survey

Site number

Total index score (maximum score = 30)

1

14

2

13

3

17

4

19

5

20

6

24

7

25

8

30

9

28

10

21

11

19

12

17

Draw the bar to show the shopping index score at site 12 in Fig. 1.4 below.

[1]

q1-1gi-11-0460-42-2019-163895

(ii)

What conclusion would the students make about Hypothesis 2: The shopping environment in and around the CBD varies? Support your decision with evidence from Fig. 1.4 and Table 1.1 (above).

[4]

(iii)

Suggest two ways that the students could have improved the reliability of their shopping environment survey.

[2]

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