Urban Settlements (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography)

Fig. 2.1 (below) shows the categories of land use which the students used along with examples of different types of land use.

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2 Categories of land use

Complete the table below by putting the types of land use into the correct land use category.
One example has been completed for you.

An example of the students’ completed recording sheet along one section of a transect (201–400m) is shown in Fig. 2.2 (below). Use these results to complete the tally chart, Fig. 2.3 below, which the students used to count the examples in the different land use categories.

Tally chart

Charity workers were doing research into differences in the health of families in Chennai, a city in India. They worked in two densely populated areas of the city which are both shown in Fig. 1.1 (below). One was an area of unplanned housing (squatter settlement) and the other was another area of poor quality housing which was planned and permanent.

The researchers wanted to find out if the following hypotheses were correct:

Hypothesis 1: Diseases were more common in the area of unplanned housing than in the area of permanent housing.

Hypothesis 2: Most residents in both areas used government health facilities.

To investigate the two hypotheses the researchers used a questionnaire with a representative sample of people who lived in each area. The sample size (number of people who answered the questionnaire) was 100 in each area.

(i)

Why did the researchers need to use a sample of people?

[1]

(ii)

Information which is collected using a questionnaire is known as ‘primary data’. What does ‘primary data’ mean?

[1]

(iii)

The following is a poor sampling method which may have been used to get a representative sample of people to answer the questionnaire.

‘Give the questionnaire to all mothers who the researchers met outside the local school.’ Explain why this is a poor method to obtain a representative sample.

[3]

(iv)

Describe a good sampling method which the researchers could use to choose a representative sample of people to answer the questionnaire. Explain why this would be a good method to use.

 [3]

Hypothesis 1: Diseases were more common in the area of unplanned housing than in the area of permanent housing.

Hypothesis 2: Most residents in both areas used government health facilities.

The results of Question 2 in the questionnaire are shown in Table 1.2 (below).

(i)

Use the results to complete the pie graph for the permanent housing area in Fig. 1.4 below.

[2]

(ii)

The researchers agreed a conclusion that Hypothesis 2 'Most residents in both areas used government health facilities' was incorrect.

Support this decision with evidence from Fig. 1.4 and Table 1.2.

[3]

(i)

The results which the researchers obtained for Question 2 (Which one of the following do you go to for treatment of an illness?) were unexpected. One of the researchers suggested that they should have used the questionnaire in a pilot study before doing the main research. How might this have helped?

 [2]

(ii)

The researchers returned to the two areas of the city (an area of unplanned housing (squatter settlement) and another area of poor-quality housing which was planned and permanent.)

They asked people to answer another question: ‘What is the main reason you chose not to use government health facilities?’

The answers which people gave are shown in Table 1.3 (below).

Table 1.3

Complete the graph, Fig. 1.5 (below), to show the answers given by people in the unplanned housing area.

[2]

A class of students did fieldwork in their town. They wanted to find out where the boundary of the CBD was located. They had learned in class that this is known as ‘delimiting’ the CBD. They discussed with their teacher several fieldwork methods they could use to delimit the CBD. One group of students also investigated the quality of shops in and around the CBD.

What does CBD stand for?

C ....................... B ....................... D .......................  

To collect data about the height of buildings the students selected five buildings at each of the pedestrian count sites. They then counted the number of storeys of each building and calculated an average.

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of this method of working out the height of buildings.

Advantage ...................................................................
Disadvantage ...................................................................

The students marked on a map of the town two examples of traffic restrictions (controls) which they saw. These were a pedestrianised area and an area where there was restricted vehicle access.

Give three other examples of traffic restrictions they could have recorded:

   1 .....................................................

   2 .....................................................

   3 .....................................................

Having completed their data collection for Hypothesis 1 'Different methods of delimiting the CBD produce the same result',  the students decided to use the following criteria to delimit the area of the CBD:    

• more than 300 pedestrians
• buildings which are 3 or more storeys high
• any traffic restrictions

Using these criteria, the students located possible boundaries of the CBD. These are shown on Fig. 1.2 (below).

Fig 1.2

The students decided that Hypothesis 1: Different methods of delimiting the CBD produce the same result, was false.
Give two pieces of evidence from Fig. 1.2 to support this decision.

After they completed their fieldwork the students discussed with their teacher how the CBD of a town changes over time. Suggest three ways that a CBD might change.