True or False?
Development only refers to economic progress.
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True or False?
Development only refers to economic progress.
False.
Development is not just about economic progress; it also includes the social, political and environmental progress a country makes.
What is development?
Development is the progress that a country makes to improve the quality of life for its population and make the country more independent.
Define the term quality of life.
Quality of life is a subjective evaluation of life, such as happiness, including physical, social, psychological and economic components.
What does GNP per capita mean?
Gross national product (GNP) per capita is the sum of a country's annual output of finished goods and services divided by its population.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
The UN developed the Human Development Index (HDI) as a measure of life expectancy, education, and income to assess a country's development.
State the meaning of the Gini coefficient index.
The Gini coefficient index is a measure of income inequality within a country, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximum inequality).
What is the cycle of wealth?
The cycle of wealth is the process where economic development creates wealth, leading to more taxes and spending, which can be reinvested for further growth and development.
What are the four indicators used in the Human Development Index?
The four indicators used in the Human Development Index are:
Life expectancy at birth.
Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years.
Expected years of schooling for children.
Gross national income (GNI) per capita.
True or False?
A high Gini coefficient indicates high income inequality.
True.
A high Gini coefficient indicates high income inequality.
Define purchasing power parity (PPP).
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is an adjustment made to GNP per capita to account for differences in the cost of living between countries.
Define the term development gap.
The development gap is the difference in levels of development between the least developed and most developed countries in the world.
What are natural resources?
Natural resources are things that the physical environment provides, such as water, forests, fossil fuels, soil, rocks, minerals, and animals.
True or False?
Landlocked countries generally develop faster than coastal countries.
False.
Landlocked countries generally find trade more difficult and often develop more slowly.
What is the cumulative causation theory?
The cumulative causation theory is a way of explaining how one small change builds into further, larger changes. The effects can be positive or negative.
Explain how cumulative causation theory helps explain regional inequalities in development.
Cumulative causation theory explains regional inequality because as core regions grow, skilled workers and capital investment increase, making the gap between the core and periphery regions larger.
What is a core region?
A core region is an area that attracts growth, skilled labour, and capital investment, often at the expense of peripheral regions.
What are the three stages of regional inequality?
The three stages of regional inequality are:
Pre-industrial stage.
Period of rapid economic growth.
Regional economic convergence.
Define the periphery.
The periphery is the area surrounding a core region. It often experiences slower growth and a loss of skilled labour and investment to the core.
True or False?
Social factors affect a country's development.
True.
Social factors such as education and healthcare levels can significantly impact a country's development.
What does water security mean?
Water security is the reliable availability of an adequate quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, and production.
Define demography.
Demography is the study of populations, including factors such as birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns.
State the meaning of regional economic convergence.
Regional economic convergence is the stage where wealth from the core region spreads to other parts of the country, reducing regional inequalities.
Define the term economic activity.
Economic activity is the production, purchase or selling of goods and services.
What are the four economic sectors?
The four economic sectors are:
Primary.
Secondary.
Tertiary.
Quaternary.
True or False?
Mining is an example of a secondary economic activity.
False.
Mining is an example of a primary economic activity.
What is involved in the primary sector?
The primary sector involves extracting raw materials from nature, such as mining, fishing, and farming.
State the meaning of the secondary sector.
The secondary sector involves manufacturing and processing raw materials into finished products, such as factory work, clothing production, and steel production.
What does the tertiary sector include?
The tertiary sector includes service industries such as nursing, law, teaching, retail, and food service.
Define the quaternary sector.
The quaternary sector is the part of the economy focused on high-tech, knowledge-based activities such as scientific research and development.
True or False?
Teachers are part of the quaternary sector.
False.
Teachers are part of the tertiary sector.
True or False?
Quaternary sector jobs include scientific research.
True.
Quaternary sector jobs include scientific research.
State the meaning of employment structure.
Employment structure refers to the distribution of a country's workforce across the different economic sectors.
What is the Clark-Fisher Sector Model?
In the Clark-Fisher Sector Model, the percentages of jobs in various economic sectors change as a country grows.
True or False?
In the pre-industrial period, the tertiary sector dominates employment.
False.
In the pre-industrial period, the primary sector dominated employment.
Define the post-industrial phase.
The post-industrial phase is a stage of economic development where the tertiary and quaternary sectors increase while the secondary and primary sectors decrease.
State the meaning of mechanisation.
Mechanisation is the process of replacing manual labour with machinery, particularly in agriculture and manufacturing.
True or False?
Increasing mechanisation in agriculture led to an increase in agricultural jobs.
False.
Increasing mechanisation in agriculture led to a decrease in the number of jobs available in that sector.
What is urbanisation in the context of employment sectors?
Urbanisation in the context of employment sectors is the movement of people from rural to urban areas to find jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
What is the link between employment structure and development?
The link between employment structure and indicators of development is that more developed countries typically have a higher proportion of employment in tertiary and quaternary sectors.
True or False?
The tertiary sector always dominates in developed countries.
True.
In the post-industrial phase, which is characteristic of developed countries, the tertiary sector dominates employment and GDP.
What causes the shift from primary to secondary employment?
The cause of the shift from primary to secondary employment is usually due to increasing mechanisation and the growth of manufacturing industries.
Define the industrial period.
The industrial period is a stage of economic development where the secondary sector becomes dominant in terms of employment and contribution to GDP.
Define globalisation.
Globalisation is the process where the world becomes more interconnected through economics, culture, politics, trade, and tourism.
What is time-space compression?
Time-space compression is a phenomenon where improvements in transport and communications have made trading and interaction almost instantaneous, effectively shrinking the world.
True or False?
Globalisation is a new phenomenon that didn't exist before the 21st century.
False.
Globalisation has always existed in some form, but modern transport and communications have intensified it.
What are Transnational Corporations (TNCs)?
Transnational corporations (TNCs) are companies that operate in foreign countries individually and not through a centralised management system.
State the meaning of network flows.
Network flows are the connections around the globe that are faster, deeper, and longer, linking places and populations through trade, aid, foreign investment, labour, and information.
What is the global production chain?
The global production chain is the process where goods are produced in various stages across different countries, adding value at each stage.
Define economies of scale.
Economies of scale are the principle where the cost per item reduces when production is operated on a large scale.
True or False?
TNCs always benefit the host country.
False.
TNCs can have both positive and negative impacts on host countries.
Define cultural dilution.
Cultural dilution is when local cultures are weakened or lost due to the influence of global culture brought on by globalisation.
State the meaning of inward investment.
Inward investment refers to foreign companies or individuals investing in a country, bringing in capital, jobs, and potentially skills and technology.