Define the term urbanisation.
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Define the term urbanisation.
Urbanisation is the increase in the percentage of a population living in urban areas.
What is a megacity?
A megacity is an urban region with over 10 million residents.
True or False?
Natural increases account for about 40% of urban population growth.
False.
Natural increases account for about 60% of urban population growth.
What does LEDC stand for?
LEDC stands for Less Economically Developed Country.
True or False?
LEDCs have the highest rates of urbanisation at present.
True.
Most new economic development is concentrated in the big cities of LEDCs.
What is the urbanisation pathway?
The urbanisation pathway shows the rate of urbanisation as development occurs. It starts slowly, speeds up with rapid urbanisation, it then begins to slow and flatten out or decline as counter-urbanisation takes hold.
True or False?
World cities are always megacities.
False.
World cities can be any size but exert particular influences around the globe.
What is suburbanisation?
Suburbanisation is the process where towns grow outward, expanding the built-up area with lower building densities than in older parts of the town.
Define agglomeration in the context of urban settlements.
Agglomeration occurs when a number of people settle in one area to live and sell goods. This develops into small trading posts, and villages begin to grow.
What is a dormitory settlement?
A dormitory settlement is a place where people live but commute to work in a nearby town or city, maintaining links with the urban area they left.
Define the term informal settlement.
An informal settlement is unplanned and unregulated housing built on land that is not owned by the residents. The housing is typically built using scrap materials and lacks basic services like sanitation, clean water, and reliable energy.
True or False?
Megacities only exist in developed countries.
False.
Megacities exist in both developed and developing countries, with the largest growth of megacities seen in Asia.
What is deprivation?
Deprivation is a state where a person's well-being falls below an acceptable minimum standard in various aspects of daily life, beyond just lacking money.
State the meaning of the cycle of poverty.
The cycle of poverty is a situation where poverty and its effects are passed on from one generation to the next, making it difficult for families to improve their circumstances.
Define the term mega-slum.
A mega-slum is a very large, overcrowded, impoverished area usually found within megacities, housing millions of people in poor living conditions.
What is the informal economy?
The informal economy is economic activity that occurs outside of government regulation, often involving unskilled, labour-intensive jobs that require little money to set up.
True or False?
Urban congestion is consistent throughout the day and week.
False.
Urban congestion varies over the week, time of day, the weather, and the season.
What is a suburbanised village?
A suburbanised village is a formerly quiet, independent rural area near large urban centres that has transformed due to urban expansion, featuring new housing estates, improved transport links, and urban-style services.
Define counter-urbanisation.
Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people from an urban area into the surrounding rural region.
State two issues with rapid and unplanned urbanisation.
Rapid and unplanned urbanisation creates a range of problems, including:
Poor housing.
Deprivation/inequality.
Unemployment.
Congestion, poor transport, crime, and poor environmental quality issues.
What is a self-help scheme?
A self-help scheme is a programme that provides people with tools, training, and low-interest loans to improve their own homes in informal settlements.
Define a site-and-service scheme.
A site-and-service scheme is a programme that provides people with a piece of land with basic services on a new or cleared site, along with low-interest loans to buy materials for building their homes.
True or False?
Bulldozing informal settlements always improves the living conditions of residents.
False.
Bulldozing informal settlements without providing alternative housing can leave residents homeless and worsen their living conditions.
What does KENSUP stand for?
KENSUP stands for Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme.
Define carbon dioxide (CO2) in terms of urban pollution.
In terms of urban pollution, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a significant greenhouse gas that comes from power plants, industrial processes, domestic heating, and vehicle emissions.
What is particulate matter?
Particulate matter is a type of air pollutant consisting of small particles and liquid droplets, often produced by diesel vehicles, open fires, and construction dust in urban areas.
State the meaning of ground-level ozone.
Ground-level ozone is a pollutant formed by the reaction of vehicle exhaust gases with sunlight, leading to photochemical smog and causing eye and chest irritation.
What is visual pollution?
Visual pollution is the degradation of the visual environment in urban areas, including ugly buildings, graffiti, derelict land, and litter.
True or False?
Noise pollution only affects people's hearing.
Noise pollution can cause stress, lack of sleep, reduced concentration, and decreased work performance.
Define the Favela Bairro Project.
The Favela Bairro Project is a site-and-service scheme in Rio de Janeiro that provides residents from favelas with brick houses to rent or buy, built with electricity, running water, and sanitation, along with other basic services.