Properties of Logarithms (Edexcel IGCSE Further Pure Maths)
Revision Note
Written by: Amber
Reviewed by: Dan Finlay
Laws of Logarithms
What are the laws of logarithms?
Laws of logarithms allow you to simplify and manipulate expressions involving logarithms
They can help with solving exponential and logarithmic equations
The laws of logarithms are closely related to the laws of indices
You need to know the following laws, which are valid for , :
"log of a product is equal to the sum of the logs"
This relates to
"log of a division is equal to the difference of the logs"
This relates to
"power in a log may be brought down as a multiplier in front of the log"
note that
This relates to
This relates to
This relates to
Be careful
With the first two laws the logs on the right-hand side must have the same base
Logs with different bases cannot be combined using those laws
Also note the following (students often make these mistakes on the exam):
is not equal to
is not equal to
What are some other useful properties of logarithms?
You should also be familiar with the following properties of logarithms
This can be derived from the third and fourth laws above
Because
Then use the third law above
Because and are inverse functions
"log cancels exponential and exponential cancels log"
Also remember that is another way of writing
All the laws and properties apply to as well
This includes
Examiner Tips and Tricks
Make sure you know the laws and properties of logarithms
They are not included on the exam formula sheet
Worked Example
(a) Write the expression in the form , where is an integer.
First use to rewrite
Substitute that into the original expression
Then use to simplify
That's in the required form with
(b) Hence solve .
First use to rewrite
Note that
Substitute that, and your answer from part (a), into the equation and solve for
Change of Base
Why change the base of a logarithm?
The laws of logarithms can only be used if the logs have the same base
If a problem involves logarithms with different bases
you can change the base(s) of the logarithm(s)
and then apply the logarithm laws
Changing the base can also allow a log problem to be solved without a calculator
Choose a base that allows you to solve the problem using the equivalent exponent
How do I change the base of a logarithm?
The formula for changing the base of a logarithm is
This is on the formula sheet in the exam paper
So you don't need to remember it
But you do need to be able to use it
The change of base formula also leads to the following useful result:
This is not on the formula sheet
But it can be derived from the change of base formula:
Examiner Tips and Tricks
Changing the base is a key skill
Make sure you are confident with using it!
If you get stuck on a logarithm question, stop and think whether change of base would help
And don't forget that the formula is on the exam formula sheet!
Worked Example
Solve the equation
Show your working clearly.
and are both powers of 2
So use with
This will make ALL the logarithms have a base of
Substitute into the equation
because (by the definition of a logarithm)
because
Substitute into the equation and collect terms on the left-hand side
Multiply both sides by to find the value of
By the definition of a logarithm, is equivalent to
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