Section B Skills: SPaG (Edexcel IGCSE English Language A)

Section B Skills: SPaG

The Section B task awards up to 12 marks for accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar or, as it is called in the mark scheme, technical accuracy. This means that you are awarded marks for using punctuation and grammar correctly, as well as for spelling words accurately. However, to gain the most marks in this question, you are also required to use punctuation and grammar deliberately for effect. 

One of the key things the examiners are looking for is a range of different sentence forms in your writing, which will naturally lead to a greater range of punctuation which the examiners can reward. However, getting the basics right and consistency are key. Leaving five minutes to proof-read your work when you have finished writing is therefore really important, as it is easy to make silly mistakes under the pressure of an exam.

The following sections will provide you with guidance on the key aspects of technical accuracy:

• Sentence demarcation

• Range of punctuation

• Range of sentence forms

• Standard English and secure grammar

• Accurate spelling and ambitious vocabulary
  

Sentence demarcation

This means that you have started your sentences with a capital letter and ended them correctly, using either a full-stop, question mark or exclamation mark. This sounds simple enough, but comma-splicing and run-on sentences are some of the most common errors made in terms of technical accuracy in the exam, so it is important to review that you know exactly when a sentence finishes and how to indicate that it has finished.

Sentences end with three types of punctuation:

• A full stop (for a statement)

• A question mark (for a direct question)

• An exclamation mark (to indicate surprise, shock, anger or happiness)

All sentences must begin with a capital letter.

Have a look at the example below. Sentence demarcation is absent, so consider how much harder it is to make sense of what has been written:

Now compare the example above with the example below, which uses the correct sentence demarcations:

The more sophisticated and complex your sentences, the more important accurate sentence demarcation is. Varying the length of your sentences will create a more dynamic rhythm to your writing.

Range of punctuation

For the highest marks, you need to use a wide range of punctuation accurately and purposefully to achieve specific effects. This means that you make conscious choices about the type of punctuation you are using in your writing, and why you are using it. However, it is worth remembering that using apostrophes, semi-colons and colons accurately just a few times is preferable to using them indiscriminately and incorrectly. It is also very important to know how to punctuate dialogue accurately if you choose to use it in a piece of creative writing; if you are not sure of the rules of punctuating direct speech, then avoid it!

The bottom tier of the punctuation pyramid below shows the range of punctuation you should be aiming to use:

Remember, punctuation shapes meaning. If sentences are not punctuated correctly, the meaning of the sentence can completely change. For example:

A woman, without her man, is nothing.

In the example above, the underlying meaning of the sentence is that women need men in order to be something.

However, by changing only the punctuation, we can completely change the meaning of the sentence:

A woman: without her, man is nothing.

Now, the emphasis becomes that a man is nothing without a woman. Punctuation is powerful!

Range of sentence forms

Here, the mark scheme states “for effect”, which means that you have to deliberately consider how your sentence structures and forms create a tone of voice. For example, short sentences can indicate tension or urgency, especially if they are written in the imperative form. Long, complex sentences can sound quite formal, but too many of them can be monotonous and difficult to read.

Some of the ways you can vary your sentences include:

Standard English and secure grammar

Standard English is accepted as the “correct” form of English, used in formal writing. It follows grammatical rules such as subject-verb agreement and the correct use of verb tenses. Non-standard English often contains slang and is used in more informal situations. This does not mean that you cannot use colloquial language in your writing, but whether this is appropriate will be determined by the task and topic.

It is worth noting that mistakes with sentence agreement (subject-verb agreement) and the inconsistent use of tense are frequently flagged by examiners as being an issue in exams. Therefore, it is important that you:

• Use plurals correctly

• Maintain a consistent use of tense:

  • If you are writing in the past tense, ensure that this is consistent throughout your writing

  • If you do change from past to present tense, it should be done purposefully and for effect

• Ensure you are using apostrophes correctly, especially to show possession
  

Accurate spelling and ambitious vocabulary

You can gain marks through the use of ambitious vocabulary and your ability to spell complex words correctly:

• However, your use of ambitious vocabulary should be appropriate and precise:

  • Do not use a more sophisticated word just because you think it “sounds” better if you are not 100% sure of its meaning

• The examiners note that the over-use of “wow” words, such as “plethora”, “incandescent” and “azure” can actually hinder your response, as your writing can sound contrived, or forced:

  • Advanced vocabulary does not add quality unless the words are used sparingly and with understanding

• You are also awarded for your ability to spell complex words correctly:

  • This should not dissuade you from attempting to use more sophisticated vocabulary even if you are unsure of the spelling, as you will still be rewarded for attempting them

To achieve the highest marks, you need to demonstrate:

• An extensive and ambitious use of vocabulary and

• A high level of accuracy in spelling, including ambitious vocabulary