Inefficient Resource Allocation & Market Failure (Edexcel IGCSE Economics)

Revision Note

Steve Vorster

Written by: Steve Vorster

Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn

Understanding Market Failure

  • In a free market, the price mechanism determines the most efficient allocation of scarce resources

    • Scarce resources are the factors of production (land, labour, capital, and enterprise)

  • Free markets often work very well, matching the competing wants and needs in the marketplace

  • However, the free market sometimes leads to market failure

    • This occurs when there is a less than optimal allocation of resources from society’s point of view

      • If resources were allocated in a different way, more output could be produced

      • When the free market causes a lack of equity (inequality) or environmental degradation

Market Failure & Government Intervention

  • Market failure occurs when free market activity results in a less than optimum allocation of resources from the point of view of society

Diagram: Causes of Market Failure

Market failure includes demerit, merit & public goods, abuse of monopoly power, factor immobility & externalities

Market failure includes demerit, merit & public goods, abuse of monopoly power, factor immobility & externalities

Explanation of causes of Market Failure and Government Intervention

Cause

Explanation

Government Intervention

Demerit goods

  • These are goods which have harmful impacts on consumers or society as a whole

  • They are often addictive

  • E.g. Gambling, alcohol, drugs, sugary foods and drinks

  • They are over-provided in a market and their consumption often creates external costs

  • Governments often have to regulate these goods in such a way that they raise the prices or limit the quantities consumed

Merit goods

  • These are goods that are beneficial to society but consumers under-consume them as they do not fully recognise the private or external benefits

  • E.g. Vaccinations, education, electric cars

  • They are under-provided in a market, and their consumption generates both private and/or external benefits

  • Governments often have to subsidise these goods in order to lower the price or increase the quantities consumed

Public goods

  • Public goods are beneficial to society but would be under-provided by a free market

  • There is little opportunity for sellers to make profits from providing them, as they are non-excludable and non-rivalrous in consumption

  • Good examples include national defence, parks, libraries and lighthouses

  • Non-excludability refers to the inability of private firms to exclude certain customers from using their products. In effect, the price mechanism cannot be used to exclude customers, e.g. street lighting

  • Non-rivalry refers to the inability of the product to be used up, so there is no competitive rivalry in consumption to drive up prices and generate profits for firms

  • Therefore, governments will often provide these beneficial goods themselves, and so they are called public goods

Abuse of monopoly power

  • The development of monopoly markets is a natural outcome of a market system

  • Firms seek to eliminate competition by buying out competitors and increasing their ownership of factors of production

  • With less competition, firms can raise prices, reduce the choice available to consumers, or limit the supply

  • The outcome is that goods and services are purposely under-provided in order to raise prices and profits

  • Governments often intervene to ensure that there is healthy competition in markets and sufficient provision of goods and services

Factor immobility

  • Factor immobility occurs when it is difficult for factors of production to move or switch between different uses or locations

  • The two main types of factor immobility are the geographical and occupational immobility of labour

  • Factor immobility results an inefficient allocation of resources in a market (usually under-provision)

  • Governments often implement programs to reduce the factor immobility in order to raise production and output

  • E.g. Support relocation of workers when one industry closes down in a particular area

Externalities

  • Externalities occur when there is an external cost or benefit on a third party not involved in the economic transaction

  • These impacts can be positive or negative

  • The price mechanism in a free market ignores these externalities

  • If these external costs/benefits were acknowledged, the price and output in the market would be different

  • Generally, governments will seek to subsidise products which have positive externalities (or provide the product themselves)

  • Generally, governments will seek to tax products which have negative externalities (or limit their output through regulation)

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Steve Vorster

Author: Steve Vorster

Expertise: Economics & Business Subject Lead

Steve has taught A Level, GCSE, IGCSE Business and Economics - as well as IBDP Economics and Business Management. He is an IBDP Examiner and IGCSE textbook author. His students regularly achieve 90-100% in their final exams. Steve has been the Assistant Head of Sixth Form for a school in Devon, and Head of Economics at the world's largest International school in Singapore. He loves to create resources which speed up student learning and are easily accessible by all.

Jenna Quinn

Author: Jenna Quinn

Expertise: Head of New Subjects

Jenna studied at Cardiff University before training to become a science teacher at the University of Bath specialising in Biology (although she loves teaching all three sciences at GCSE level!). Teaching is her passion, and with 10 years experience teaching across a wide range of specifications – from GCSE and A Level Biology in the UK to IGCSE and IB Biology internationally – she knows what is required to pass those Biology exams.