The Redistribution of Income (Edexcel IGCSE Economics)

Revision Note

Steve Vorster

Written by: Steve Vorster

Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn

What Are Inequality and Poverty?

  • Equality describes situations where economic outcomes are similar for different people or different social groups

    • Income equality would mean everyone, irrespective of their job, is paid the same

    • Inequality in the distribution of income is one cause of absolute and relative poverty 

  • Absolute poverty is a situation where individuals cannot afford to acquire the basic necessities for a healthy and safe existence

    • These necessities include shelter, water, nutrition, clothing and healthcare

    • In 2022, the World Bank defined absolute poverty as anyone who was living on less than $2.15 a day (the so called international poverty line)

    • Absolute poverty is more prevalent in developing countries than in developed ones 

  • Relative poverty is a situation where household income is a certain percentage less than the median household income in the economy

    • Poverty in a household is considered relative to income levels in other households

    • Households that are living with less than 50% of the median household income are considered to be in relative poverty

    • Relative poverty is the main form of poverty that occurs in developed countries

Reasons to Reduce Poverty and Inequality

  • Capitalism is at the heart of free market economics

  • Under Capitalism, inequality is inevitable

    • Workers with higher skills receive higher wages

    • Workers with little to no skills receive little to no wage

    • Individuals with higher income will acquire more assets, leading to higher levels of income

      • In turn, they can keep on acquiring assets

      • Individuals with lower income will find it hard to acquire assets

  • The principles of capitalism are considered important as the incentive to acquire income raises productivity and output

  • However, the long-term outcome of capitalism is that the factors of production become concentrated in ownership, with relatively few individuals developing extreme wealth, at the expense of many who lose out

    • The existence of inequalities and poverty raises ethical concerns, particularly when certain households do have access to basic necessities and experience a lower standard of living

Reasons to reduce poverty and inequality

Reason

Explanation

Meet basic needs

  • All individuals should have access to basic needs such as food and shelter

  • Inequalities in food access exist globally. According to United Nations, an estimated 600 million people will experience hunger and malnutrition by 2030

  • To address this, Sustainable Development Goal 2 strives for zero hunger by 2030

Improve standards of living

  • If the inequality gap gets narrower, it will increase the overall standard of living

  • The poorer households will be able to access better education and healthcare and have higher income

  • This creates even more opportunity for poorer households in the future

  • E.g Finland's investment in education has led to higher educational attainment.

    • This allows for better job opportunities, higher incomes, reduced inequality and an overall increase in standard of living

Ethical considerations

  • Individuals may be more concerned with more equitable outcomes for society than their own self-interest

  • Governments may use a progressive tax system so that lower income earners pay a lower tax rate than higher income earners

  • E.g Australia's income tax rates range from 19% to 45% depending on income

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Steve Vorster

Author: Steve Vorster

Expertise: Economics & Business Subject Lead

Steve has taught A Level, GCSE, IGCSE Business and Economics - as well as IBDP Economics and Business Management. He is an IBDP Examiner and IGCSE textbook author. His students regularly achieve 90-100% in their final exams. Steve has been the Assistant Head of Sixth Form for a school in Devon, and Head of Economics at the world's largest International school in Singapore. He loves to create resources which speed up student learning and are easily accessible by all.

Jenna Quinn

Author: Jenna Quinn

Expertise: Head of New Subjects

Jenna studied at Cardiff University before training to become a science teacher at the University of Bath specialising in Biology (although she loves teaching all three sciences at GCSE level!). Teaching is her passion, and with 10 years experience teaching across a wide range of specifications – from GCSE and A Level Biology in the UK to IGCSE and IB Biology internationally – she knows what is required to pass those Biology exams.