2 marksItaly is home to the world’s oldest bank and some of the world’s oldest and specialised car producers. Internationally, both industries are facing a number of challenges. The wages of bank workers and car workers are increasing. Demand for bank loans and for cars is changing, in part, due to changes in population size. It is predicted that the price elasticity of demand (PED) for cars will also change in the future.
Define national specialisation
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2 marksLeading jewellery firms in Qatar and Ukraine have asked their governments to remove trade protection between them to increase trade in jewellery. The jewellery firms of Qatar and Ukraine produce and specialise in unique products which are improving in quality. They believe that increased trade between the two countries will enable them to exploit internal economies of scale in jewellery production.
Identify the two main factors which allow a country to specialise
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2 marksNon-renewable energy (e.g. coal) is thought to cause a higher social cost than renewable energy (e.g. solar or wind power). Excessive demand for non-renewable energy causes a failure of the market economic system. However, producers of renewable energy, some of which specialise in one form of energy, are beginning to produce on a larger scale.
Identify two levels on which specialisation can occur
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2 marksIn the 1990s Cambodia became a mixed economy. One of the results of this was specialisation in the clothing industry. In 2005, import quotas for clothing in the key markets of the USA and the EU were removed. Clothing now accounts for 80% of Cambodia’s exports and it has a leading international market share. The increased role of the private sector has resulted in a rise in malnutrition in Cambodia.
Define international market share
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2 marksThe price elasticity of demand (PED) for sugar in most countries is less than 1. In 2017, the price of sugar fell. However, the price of specialised, higher quality sugar grown in countries such as Mauritius fell by less than the average global price. Mauritius has superior resource availability. Efficient producers, such as some farmers in Brazil that have a low fixed cost of production, were also less affected by the fall in price
Define superior resource availability
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Non-renewable energy (e.g. coal) is thought to cause a higher social cost than renewable energy (e.g. solar or wind power). Excessive demand for non-renewable energy causes a failure of the market economic system. However, producers of renewable energy, some of which specialise in one form of energy, are beginning to produce on a larger scale.
Explain two reasons why a firm would want to specialise in producing only one product.
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In the 1990s Cambodia became a mixed economy. One of the results of this was specialisation in the clothing industry. In 2005, import quotas for clothing in the key markets of the USA and the EU were removed. Clothing now accounts for 80% of Cambodia’s exports. The increased role of the private sector has resulted in a rise in malnutrition in Cambodia.
Explain two advantages to a country of specialisation.
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4 marksIn the 1990s Cambodia became a mixed economy. One of the results of this was specialisation in the clothing industry. In 2005, import quotas for clothing in the key markets of the USA and the EU were removed. Clothing now accounts for 80% of Cambodia’s exports. The increased role of the private sector has resulted in a rise in malnutrition in Cambodia.
Explain two disadvantages to a country of specialisation
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4 marksLeading jewellery firms in Qatar and Ukraine have asked their governments to remove trade protection between them to increase trade in jewellery. The jewellery firms of Qatar and Ukraine produce and specialise in unique products which are improving in quality. They believe that increased trade between the two countries will enable them to exploit internal economies of scale in jewellery production.
Explain one of the main factors which enables a country to specialise
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Discuss whether or not Kenya should continue to specialise in producing flowers.
Refer to the source material in your answers
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The price elasticity of demand (PED) for sugar in most countries is less than 1. In 2017, the price of sugar fell. However, the price of specialised, higher quality sugar grown in countries such as Mauritius fell by less than the average global price. Efficient producers, such as some farmers in Brazil that have a low fixed cost of production, were also less affected by the fall in price
Discuss whether or not a country will benefit from specialising in an agricultural product such as sugar
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The price of gold rose in 2016. This encouraged owners of gold mines to employ more resources to increase the supply of gold. The level of competition in gold production varies in the different gold producing countries. A number of countries, including India, impose a tariff on imported gold.
Discuss whether or not an economy should mine and sell all of its gold now.
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