What could discourage women from seeking employment?
More education and training are provided.
More flexible and part-time jobs are available.
There are fewer promotion opportunities for women.
There is a shift in employment to the services sector.
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Why does specialisation increase the productivity of employees?
Average cost of production increases.
Staff turnover is high.
Time is saved by not moving between tasks.
Workers lose interest in their job.
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Why do women, on average, earn less than men?
Women may be less able than men.
Women are not eligible for government jobs.
Women may not work as hard as men.
Women often face discrimination in the workplace.
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In which occupation would wages tend to increase?
in those where a worker is paid weekly
in those where a worker needs less training
in those where there is an excess demand for labour
in those where work becomes less dangerous
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What is an example of a non-wage factor?
bonus
commission
fringe benefits
overtime rates
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Carlos has been offered a new job with a large multinational company. He is undecided whether to accept the position.
What is a non-wage factor he might consider?
bonus payments
holiday entitlement
overtime rate
salary level
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What does not have an effect on wages in a free market economy?
danger levels in the workplace
government regulations
the number of people willing and able to work
the years of training required
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Which statement explains why the pay of doctors is usually higher than the pay of hospital cleaners?
Doctors have a higher opportunity cost in qualifying.
Doctors have a more elastic supply than hospital cleaners.
Hospital cleaners belong to trade unions with stronger bargaining powers.
Hospital cleaners have a more inelastic demand than doctors.
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When is it most likely that the demand for labour in an industry increases?
When the demand for the industry’s product increases.
When the level of immigration into the country increases.
When the level of qualifications needed to work in the industry decreases.
When the level of wages paid in the industry increases.
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What could affect the size of the labour force in an economy?
the existence of a trade union
the government’s immigration policy
the quality of university graduates
the ratio of male to female employees
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What might cause an increase in the earnings of a doctor in a government health service?
an increasing number of doctors graduate from university each year
an increasing number of people need health care
the government spends less on the nation’s health services
the population becomes more aware of healthy eating
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What is likely to lead to an increase in the wages of university lecturers?
an increase in the fringe benefits provided to university lecturers
an increase in the tuition fees paid by university students
government policies reducing the length of the training for university lecturers
increased demand from students to study at university
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What benefit is likely to result from the extension of specialisation within manufacturing?
For a consumer, there are more individually made goods available.
For a consumer, there could be a lower cost of living.
For an employee, job satisfaction will increase.
For an employee, the nature of work is more varied.
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What is a disadvantage of being a specialist skilled worker?
Career opportunities are abundant.
Earnings are related to the level of skill.
It may be difficult to find work locally.
Labour supply is elastic and plentiful.
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What is usually considered to be an advantage to a firm of using division of labour?
high labour turnover
increased mechanisation
movement of labour between tasks
need for quality control
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The demand for gas in a country becomes price-inelastic.
What will happen as a result?
Gas workers will be less likely to be successful in obtaining wage increases.
Gas workers will be more likely to be successful in obtaining wage increases.
Total expenditure on gas by consumers will fall when its price rises.
Total expenditure on gas by consumers will rise when its price falls.
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The table shows the change in real incomes for a number of occupations between 1985 and 2015.
occupation | change in real income % |
doctors lawyers accountants bricklayers bus and coach drivers fork-lift truck drivers | 153 114 60 37 19 -5 |
What can be concluded from the table?
All occupations were better off in 2015 than in 1985.
Fork-lift truck drivers earned the lowest wages in 2015.
Doctors have earned more than lawyers since 1985.
Professionals received higher percentage increases in income than manual workers.
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