Economies & Diseconomies of Scale (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Economics)

Revision Note

Steve Vorster

Written by: Steve Vorster

Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn

An Introduction to Economies and Diseconomies of Scale

  • As a firm grows, it is able to increases its scale of output generating efficiencies that lower its average costs (AC) of production

    • These efficiencies are called economies of scale

    • Economies of scale help large firms to lower their costs of production beyond what small firms are able to achieve 

  • As a firm continues increasing its scale of output, it will reach a point where its average costs (AC) will start to increase

    • The reasons for the increase in the average costs are called diseconomies of scale  

  • Internal economies of scale occur as a result of the growth in the scale of production within the firm

Graph showing long run average costs with economies of scale, indicating lowest average total cost at productive efficiency, and diseconomies of scale.
 Economies of scale occur when average costs decrease with increasing output and diseconomies of scale occur when average costs increase with increasing output

Diagram analysis

  • With relatively low levels of output, the firms average costs are high

  • As the firm increases its output, it begins to benefit from economies of scale which lower the average cost per unit

  • At some level of output, a firm will not be able to reduce costs any further - this point is called productive efficiency

  • Beyond this level of output, the average cost will begin to rise as a result of diseconomies of scale

Types of Internal Economies and Diseconomies

Types of Internal Economies and Diseconomies of Scale

Internal Economies of Scale

Diseconomies of Scale

  • Financial Economies

  • Managerial Economies

  • Marketing Economies

  • Purchasing Economies

  • Technical Economies

  • Risk-bearing Economies

  • Management Diseconomies

  • Communication Diseconomies

  • Geographical Diseconomies

  • Cultural Diseconomies

External Economies of Scale

  • External economies of scale occur when there is an increase in the size of the industry in which the firm operates

    • The firm is able to benefit from lower average costs (AC) generated by factors outside of the firm

Sources of External Economies of Scale

Source

Explanation

Geographic Cluster

  • As an industry grows, ancillary firms move closer to major manufacturers to cut costs and generate more business

  • This lowers the AC e.g. car manufacturers in Sunderland rely on the service of over 2,500 ancillary firms

Transport Links

  • Improved transport links develop around growing industries in order to help get people to work and to improve the transport logistics

  • This lowers the AC e.g. Bangalore is know as India's Silicon Valley and transportation projects have been successful in transforming the movement of people and goods

Skilled Labour

  • An increase in skilled labour can lower the cost of skilled labour, thereby lowering the AC

  • The larger the geographic cluster, the larger the pool of skilled labour

Favourable Legislation
 

  • This often generates significant reductions in AC as governments support certain industries in order to achieve their wider objectives 

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Steve Vorster

Author: Steve Vorster

Expertise: Economics & Business Subject Lead

Steve has taught A Level, GCSE, IGCSE Business and Economics - as well as IBDP Economics and Business Management. He is an IBDP Examiner and IGCSE textbook author. His students regularly achieve 90-100% in their final exams. Steve has been the Assistant Head of Sixth Form for a school in Devon, and Head of Economics at the world's largest International school in Singapore. He loves to create resources which speed up student learning and are easily accessible by all.

Jenna Quinn

Author: Jenna Quinn

Expertise: Head of New Subjects

Jenna studied at Cardiff University before training to become a science teacher at the University of Bath specialising in Biology (although she loves teaching all three sciences at GCSE level!). Teaching is her passion, and with 10 years experience teaching across a wide range of specifications – from GCSE and A Level Biology in the UK to IGCSE and IB Biology internationally – she knows what is required to pass those Biology exams.